This article describes the construction and specificity of co-occurrence auxiliary unit “by example of”.  The relevance this research is substantiated by need for comprehensive description words. The object prepositional of” which belongs to group denominal relative clause. subject semantics of”, constructions it forms, peculiarities its co-occur...

This paper proposes a constraint-based, comprehensive analysis of the Internally-Headed Relative Clause (henceforth, IHRC) in Japanese which is able to accommodate the synchronic properties as well as the diachronic change that IHRC went through. Various types of syntactic analyses have been proposed to date to explain the peculiar traits of IHRC as it is today. Philological studies in Japanese...

There are two common ways to assign relative importance in spoken language: tonic prominence and thematization. The former is expressing the main points of information units in speech (Halliday, 1994), and the latter is putting an element at the beginning of a clause. This study explores how relative importance is realized in English and Persian. It also investigates how advanced Persian learne...

3. The modification problem In the first part of this State-of-the-Article I discussed the connectivity problem, namely, the syntactic relation between the relative ‘‘head’’ and the relativization site. The second general issue that I will be discussing here is the way in which the whole relative clause is syntactically related to the modified ‘‘head’’. As a preliminary, it is necessary to dete...

Three experiments (self-paced reading, eyetracking and an ERP study) show that in relative clauses, increasing the distance between the relativized noun and the relative-clause verb makes it more difficult to process the relative-clause verb (the so-called locality effect). This result is consistent with the predictions of several theories (Gibson, 2000; Lewis and Vasishth, 2005), and contradic...

This paper presents a novel analysis of so-called gapless relative clause constructions such as Mandarin xiangpi ranshao de weidao (literally, ‘the smell that rubber burns’). Such constructions have been observed in East Asian languages. It is claimed that the Head noun of such relative clauses are relational nouns, and the clauses are their licensors. Syntactically, the Head nouns are predicat...

An auditory sentence comprehension task investigated the extent to which the integration of contextual and structural cues was mediated by verbal memory span with 32 English-speaking six- to eight-year-old children. Spoken relative clause sentences were accompanied by visual context pictures which fully (depicting the actions described within the relative clause) or partially (depicting several...

Syntactically ambiguous sentences are sometimes read faster than disambiguated strings. Models of parsing have explained this tendency by appealing either to a race in the construction of alternative structures or to reanalysis. However, it is also possible that readers of ambiguous sentences save time by strategically underspecifying interpretations of ambiguous attachments. In a self-paced re...

We define order locality to be a property of clauses relative to a term ordering. This property is a kind of generalization of the subformula property for proofs where terms arising in proofs are bounded, under the given ordering, by terms appearing in the goal clause. We show that when a clause set is order local, then the complexity of its ground entailment problem is a function of its struct...

This paper describes a deterministic method for generating natural language suited to being part of a machine translation system with meaning representations as the level for language transfer. Starting from Davidsonian/Penman meaning representations, syntactic trees are built following the Penn Parsed Corpus of Modern British English, from which the yield (i.e., the words) can be taken. The no...