Urine from mammalian kidneys is regularly supersaturated with respect to calcium oxalate monohydrate, the most common solid phase in human nephrolithiasis, and also inhibits the nucleation, growth, and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals. Nephrolithiasis is often associated with increased supersaturation, and it is assumed that this increase overbalances the inhibition effects, causing ston...

The nucleation of cloud droplets from the ambient aerosol is a critical physical process that must be resolved for global models to faithfully predict aerosol–cloud interactions and aerosol indirect effects on climate. To better represent droplet nucleation from a complex, multimodal, and multicomponent aerosol population within the context of a global model, a new metamodeling framework is app...

The effect of a thermally grown silicon nitride (SiNx) film on end-of-range extrinsic dislocation loops in a silicon substrate was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. A layer of extrinsic dislocation loops was formed by annealing a Si wafer amorphized by a Ge ion implant. A nitride film was grown on the Si by further annealing in ammonia (NH3) at 810 and 910 °C for 30–180 min. Waf...

Although methane is the dominant absorber in Titan’s reflection spectrum, the amount of methane in the atmosphere has only been determined to an order of magnitude. We analyzed spectra from the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, looking at both a bright surface region (700-km radius) and a dark surface region. The difference between the spectra of the two regions is attributed to light that ...