Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern in our country, because of placing in top three most common causes of death and substantial direct and indirect costs to society. The incidence of TBI in our country is 1.7 times of international incidence. Traumatic brain injury induced by primary and secondary mechanisms that give rise to death and neurologic morbidity in pat...

BACKGROUND In previous studies, the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in diffuse traumatic brain injury has been shown. This study used ICI 182,780, a non-selective estrogen receptor antagonist, to test the hypothesis that the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol in traumatic brain injury is mediated by the estrogen receptors. METHODS The ovariectomized rats were divided into eight g...

Microglia is one of the first innate immune components. These cells account about 5 to 10% of the entire adult brain cells and are activated by trauma. Complex-mediated inflammatory responses occur through cellular and molecular events during and after the traumatic brain injury (TBI). In-lesion area astrocytes, microglia, and damaged neurons begin to secrete cytokines and chemokines. Microglia...

Mild traumatic brain injury typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function. Previous studies used water pressure or rotational injury for designing the device to make a rat a mild traumatic brain injury model. The objective of this study was to make a simple model of causing mild traumatic brain injury in rats. The device consisted of a free-fall impactor that was targeted ont...

Traumatic brain injury is a serious global health problem with irreversible high morbidity and disability and Because of its unknown pathophysiological mechanisms, efficient therapeutic approaches to improve the poor outcome and long-term impairment of behavioral function are still remains lacking. The microglial cells are the resident macrophage cells of the brain and have M1/M2 phenotype, for...

Mild traumatic brain injury typically involves temporary impairment of neurological function. Previous studies used the water pressure or rotational injury for designing the device to make a rat mild traumatic brain injury model. The objective of this study was to make a simple model of mild traumatic brain injury in rat. The device consisted of a freefall impactor that was targeted onto the ra...

post-traumatic epileptic seizure is a common complication of brain trauma including military injuries. we present clinical characteristics and correlates of post-traumatic epilepsy in 163 head-injured veterans suffering from intractable epilepsy due to blunt or penetrating head injuries sustained during the iraq-iran war. the medical records of 163 war veterans who were admitted by the epilepsy...