resort to irritating or allegedly illegal methods. We commonly regard the last as a political act and the first two as therapeutic; but all of them are easily perceived as either political or therapeutic. How they are classified depends upon the assumptions of the observer, not upon the behavior he is judging. Some psychologists reject the &dquo;reinforcement of deviant behavior&dquo; rationale...

Does the use of repression undermine authoritarian rulers’ legitimacy? I argue that state repression can make individuals internalize a strategy (trust or distrust) as a heuristic in situations where information acquisition is either costly or imperfect, so repression has a long-lasting negative effect on people’s trust of authoritarian rulers. I test this proposition by studying one of the mos...

Economic growth and development of market, stock exchange and related variables are among components which influence on business, economic activities and management of society. Financial repression is among economic variables greatly influencing on financial market specifically capital market and economic growth and development; so that, this concept caused to publish financial growth and devel...

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of initial sucrose concentration, pH and aeration rate on biomass and inulinase production by Kluyveromyces marxianus var. bulgaricus in a stirred batch reactor. Maximum inulinase activity (15.29 UmL) was obtained at a sucrose concentration of 10 g L, pH 5.0 and aeration rate of 1 vvm. The 20 g L sucrose concentration was suitable for...

This article presents an integrated model of contentious nationalist activity, with structure, politics, and action assuming equal roles in an interdependent causal system. The model is tested using simultaneous equation systems on 130 ethno-nationalist groups from 1990 to 1998. The results confirm the vital, indirect role of grievances and group identity on protest and the powerful direct and ...

This paper develops a theory of the interaction between appropriative conflict and economic growth. Appropriative conflict, as measured by the diversion of resources, is viewed as the cost of securing effective property rights. We identify conditions under which conflict rises or falls as the rate of economic growth improves. The main implication of the analysis is that if the quality of proper...

In 1980, India nationalized its large private banks. This induced di¤erent bank ownership patterns across di¤erent towns, allowing credible identi…cation of the effects of bank ownership on …nancial development, lending rates, and the quality of intermediation, as well as employment and investment. Credit markets with nationalized banks experienced faster credit growth during a period of …nanci...