Morphology, structure, residual stress, and surface energy of magnetron-sputtered titanium nitride (TiN) thin films, deposited at 300 C with a thickness in the 0.5-1.7 lm range, were characterized. Film microstructure, the origin of residual stress, and its effect on the surface energy were analyzed. The grain size increased with the film thickness. X-ray diffraction showed (200) to (111) prefe...

It is important to have continuously updated information about network resources and application activities after a wireless sensor network is deployed in unpredictable environment. Such information can help notify users of resource depletion or abnormal activities. However, the low user-to-node ratio and limited energy and bandwidth resources in sensor networks make extracting states from each...

We develop an analytical approach to theoretically investigate light speed propagation near the band edge of a coupled cavity waveguide in the presence of residual disorder. This approach that is based on a mean field theory allows us to define the domains of validity of the group velocity and the energy transport velocity concepts as well as a guideline to minimize the role of the residual dis...

The problem of calculating the energy release rate for crack growth in an arbitrary composite in the presence of residual stresses is considered. First, a general expression is given for arbitrary, mixed traction and displacement boundary conditions. This general result is then applied to a series of specific problems including statistically homogeneous composites under traction or displacement...

Due to the inefficiency of a flat topology, most wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have a cluster or tree structure; but this causes an imbalance of residual energy between nodes, which gets worse over time as nodes become defunct and replacements are inserted. Multiple layers are better then the typical two-layer cluster-based topology, because it can better accommodate nodes with different leve...

Some WSN by a lot of immobile node and with the limited energy and without further charge of energy. Whereas extension of many sensor nodes and their operation. Hence it is normal.unactive nodes miss their communication in network, hence split the network. For avoidance split of network, we proposed a fault recovery corrupted node and Self Healing is necessary. In this Thesis, we design techniq...

Cooperative communication is a vital area of research in wireless sensor networks due to its advantages for spatial diversity. Specifically, selective single relay cooperative communication is an area of vast research interest due to its simplicity and practicality. In this paper, we propose a selective single relay cooperative communication scheme for wireless sensor networks which adapts powe...

Clustering, an energy efficient approach is used in Wireless Sensor Network. Clustering involves cluster formation and Cluster Head Selection. As the Cluster Head is involved in carrying out the entire communication, a high energy node has to be selected as Cluster Head. Current clustering approaches often use two methods: selecting cluster heads with more residual energy, and rotating cluster ...

Clustering provides an effective method for improving the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we study that different number of clusters leads to different network performance on the energy consumption, energy balancing and network lifetime. We propose an Energy-Efficient Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing Protocol (MHRP) for wireless sensor networks to enhance the networ...

In this paper, we address the collision resolution (CR) problem from an energy-efficiency point of view and develop a residual-energy-based collision resolution algorithm (CRA) for energy-limited terminals. In this algorithm, which is based on tree-splitting, packets involved in a collision are partitioned into subsets according to the amount of residual battery energy left at the corresponding...