This is an entry for The Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, to be published by Wiley in 2005. A large number of computerized scaling techniques were developed in the wake of the pioneering work of Shepard, Kruskal, and Guttman [4, 5, 6, 8, 9]. There have been various attempts to bring some order into this bewildering variety of techniques. Books such as Roskam [7], or review arti...

We discuss the development of executable programs from state-based specifications written in the language of first-order predicate calculus. Notable examples of such specifications are those written using the techniques 2 and VDM; but our interest is in the rigorous derivation of the algorithms from which they deliberately abstract. This is, of course, the role of a development method. Here we ...

This paper reports on the use of two distinct evaluation metrics for assessing a stochastic parsing model consisting of a broad-coverage Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), an efficient constraint-based parser and a stochastic disambiguation model. The first evaluation metric measures matches of predicate-argument relations in LFG f-structures (henceforth the LFG annotation scheme) to a gold stan...

COVID-19 pandemic has long-lasting consequences on the health, economic and social life of a country (He & Harris, 2020). In developing like India, socio-economic disruption led to collaborative action between central government state machinery together with development sector curb impact caused by virus. Academia substantiates symbiotic relationship existing business society (McGuire, 1963...

investigating sociological factors affecting job alienation this research is a study on the efficient sociological factors on job alienation across elementary school teacher of tehran. the research data was collected through a surveying method, and participants were 380 persons out of 18452 among elementary school teacher of tehran. with consideration of previous research and the theoretical fo...