Traditional caries management consisted of the detection of carious lesions followed by immediate restoration. Placing a restoration doesn’t guarantee a sound future for the tooth. On the contrary, it will be the start of the restoration cycle in which the restorationwill be replaced several times. So a different management strategy is recommended. Based on a proper diagnosis of caries taken in...

Throughout the boreal and temperate zones, forest restoration efforts attempt to counteract negative effects of conversion to other land use (afforestation and remediation) and disturbance and stress on existing forests (rehabilitation). A p forest restoration o ropriate silvicultural practices can be designed for any %.jective. Most common objectives include timber, wildlife habitat for game s...

Ecological restoration is defined as active intervention and management to restore biotic communities that were formerly present at a particular place and time. Examples are given from both New Zealand and overseas of a variety of different restoration projects. The possibility is raised of replacing some animal species extinct in New Zealand with related living forms from other countries. The ...

During the past decade, as the issue of plant invasion gained recognition in the public domain, both ecologists and weed scientists voluntarily or by mandate moved to provide their expertise to the management of invasive plants on public lands. Diverse views of nature carried to the table by ecologists and weed scientists have resulted in different priorities and opinions on management strategi...

In addition to supporting a harvest, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) in Chesapeake Bay provides ecosystem services such as removing seston, enhancing water clarity and creating benthic habitat. Our objective was to create a flexible ecosystem-based decisionmaking tool to support oyster restoration and management. This Oyster Restoration Optimization model (ORO) incorporates predictio...

Theoretical and empirical work has established a positive relationship between resource availability and habitat invasibility. For nonnative invasive annual grasses, similar to other invasive species, invader success has been tied most often to increased nitrogen (N) availability. These observations have led to the logical assumption that managing soils for low N availability will facilitate re...

Institutional mapping is a technique that builds on the logic of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). In GIS, coverages placed over a base map show spatial relations. Social institutions are more difficult to ‘‘map’’ physically. Institutional mapping uses three social coverages—scale, power, and capital. Four sets of institutions affecting watershed management—salmon restoration, water quality...

Wildfire is a critical land management issue in the western United States. Efforts to mitigate the effects of altered fire regimes have led to debate over ecological restoration versus species conservation framed at the conjuncture of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and their respective management regimes. Fire-related management activities may disrupt watershed processes and degrade habitat...

4.11.1 Ecological Interactions 118 4.11.1.1 Pollination Services 118 4.11.1.2 Sensitivity/Vulnerability of Pollination Services 119 4.11.1.2.1 Temporal Mismatch 119 4.11.1.2.2 Spatial Mismatch 120 4.11.1.2.3 Alteration of Pollinator Networks 121 4.11.1.2.4 Simulated Biodiversity Loss or Phenological Mismatch 121 4.11.1.2.5 Network Comparison Post Habitat-Alteration 122 4.11.2 Ecosystem Service ...

This technical note is designed to help ecosystem restoration planners and project managers identify the best metrics to evaluate and select the recommended restoration plan, monitor and assess progress toward achieving project objectives, and, if necessary, inform adaptive management decisions. Performance metrics, or measurable system components used to estimate and track the state of critica...