In this study, we analyze an inventory system facing stochastic external demands and an autonomous supply (independent return flow) in the presence of fixed disposal costs and positive lead times under a continuous review replenishment– disposal policy. We derive the analytical expressions of the operating characteristics of the system; and, construct the objective function to minimize the tota...

This article develops a theoretical framework for analyzing the implications of de-Europeanisation decision-making processes and policy outcomes in EU foreign policy. As prog...

Much of the focus on finding good representations in reinforcement learning has been on learning complex non-linear predictors of value. Policy gradient algorithms, which directly represent the policy, often need fewer parameters to learn good policies. However, they typically employ a fixed parametric representation that may not be sufficient for complex domains. This paper introduces the Poli...

The interdependence of economic policies calls for international policy coordination. This paper reviews various patterns macroeconomic and coordination during the fixed as well flexible exchange rate. There was a period where laissez-faire rather than were required under After Lehman Crisis, however, insufficient attention to this by Bank Japan, example, brought considerable damage Japanese ec...