Despite having extensive research dedicated towards designing methodologies for synchronous out-of-step detection, the risk posed by a large-scale power blackout still makes system protection an active area. In recent decades, multiple detection techniques such as impedance-based relays and equal-area criterion-analysis-based methods have been widely adopted. However, these conventional known t...

The drivers to produce solid solution formulations are reviewed together with specific challenges of implementing extrusion in a pharmaceutical setting. A solvent-based approach to screen formulations with less than 10 mg drug/screen is introduced and validated with experimental data. Process development challenges associated with the use of hygroscopic fine polymer powders are addressed throug...

We present a novel multiple-threshold circuit using resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs). The logic operation is based on detecting a switching sequence in the RTD circuit. This scheme enables us to increase the number of threshold voltages by more than a factor of two compared with previous RTD-based MVL circuits. SPICE simulation shows that the circuit can operate at a clock frequency as high as ...

An ultrahigh-speed multiple-threshold comparator that consists of resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs) and heterojunction FETs has been investigated. A novel multiple-threshold operation is obtained by detecting a switching sequence in a series-connected RTD circuit. SPICE simulation reveals that the present comparator operates at a clock frequency as high as 10 GHz. One FET at the input is enough ...

We propose a compact, high-power, and high-directivity surface-emitting terahertz (THz) source based on an array of active antennas with integrated patch resonant-tunneling diodes (RTDs). An configuration antennas, each antenna two RTDs coupled by microstrip lines, enables spatial power combining improves directivity through coherent oscillation. confirmed maximum radiation 11.8 mW in prototype...

As the power system undergoes continued change—widespread integration of inverter-based resources, electrification transportation systems, decentralization, and increased digitization—the best practices for studies device testing are also evolving. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation is being used progressively by transmission distribution operators, equipment manufacturers, education re...

With the increasing size and complexity of power systems, it is crucial to have an effective protection system in place ensure its reliability. One important components are relays. It for a relay operate dependably securely so that any fault can be cleared time minimize damages network. However, test realistic environment before commissioning Testing actual network expensive with limited scenar...

Resonant tunneling diodes ~RTDs! are one of the most promising quantum effect devices for practical applications. The presence of negative differential resistance at room temperature allows RTDs to be used as memory storage devices. Recent work has demonstrated that the buildup of electron charge in the well can have a strong influence on the bias required to switch between stable states. In ad...