rumen is a persistent and specific ecosystem consists of bacteria, protozoa and fungus where feed fermentation takes place in it. produced hydrogen in rumen can be used in the synthesis of the volatile fatty acids and the microbial protein and its excess would be eliminated through the production of methane by methanogenesis. nutritionists have tried to find ways to decrease loss and energy and...

An Italian "Dalita" ryegrass (Lolium italicum) and a European lucerne (Medicago sativa) were harvested at 5 different growth stages to determine the anatomical factors limiting their digestibility and in particular the effects of lignification of the tissues. In vitro digestibility, cell wall contents of the whole plant and stem of lucerne and of the whole plant, stem and leaf blade of ryegrass...

Milk production response to four different amounts of protein supplementation was measured in a complete lactation study utilizing 58 multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin. The four treatments were as follows (the first number is the dietary crude protein content (% of dry matter) during the first 16 wk of lactation and the second number is the protein content for wk 17 to ...

This study compared the effects of two levels of crude protein (CP) fed during late gestation on the performance, blood metabolites, and ovarian activity of Holstein cows. One-hundred and six cows (42 primigravid and 64 multiparous) 32 d before calving were divided into two groups and fed diets containing moderate (12.7% CP, 36% rumen undegradable protein, (RUP) or high (14.7% CP, 40% RUP) prot...

The liver of the cow is a cross-road of nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows. Urea is synthesized in the liver as a results of unused degradable protein in the rumen, the absorption of excess amino acids from rumen undegradable protein, and from the catabolism of amino acids that are not utilized for productive purposes. Dietary crude protein (CP, % of DM) is the one single dietary factor most clo...

the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of different level protein diets with rumen protected methionine and lysine on performance and ruminal parameters in holstein dairy cows when in their early lactation. twenty one dairy cows in their early lactations were assigned to three treatments in a randomized block design experiment of a 35-d duration period. diets...