We present several epistemic views of ideation in scientific discovery that we have investigated: conceptual classification, abductive explanation, conceptual modeling, analogical reasoning, and visual reasoning. We then describe an experiment in computational ideation through model construction, evaluation and revision. We describe an interactive tool called MILA–S that enables construction of...

The Melkites, Jacobites, and Nestorians were the main Christian communities under Muslim rule. Several pre-Islamic Arab Christian authors wrote treatises concerning their beliefs in Arabic, some of which date back to the early Islamic centuries. The multiplicity of such polemical works suggests an intellectually open society and a degree of tolerance shown by Muslim leaders. Abu Raʾita...

In 2014, Amin, Heidari, and Kearns proved that tree networks can be learned by observing only the infected set of vertices of the contagion process under the independent cascade model, in both the active and passive query models. They also showed empirically that simple extensions of their algorithms work on sparse networks. In this work, we focus on the active model. We prove that a simple mod...

in the reign of shāh ismā‘īl i, the position-holder wakīl-i nafs-i nafīs-i humāyūn would serve as the regent (nāyib al-salṭana). after six months that this position was held by one of the elites who was a qizilbash turk, shāh ismā‘īl handed it over to a non-turk and continued the same procedure to the end of his life. the present article is mainly intended to study the social origin of the wakī...

ghada al-saman has been affected in her short story:” a man in the alley” by the theory of some feminist writers like simone de beauvoir. using the existentialistic- feministic theory of de beauvoir,she tried to highlight the idea of women’s oppression through cultures during time long before its explanation by de beauvoir. this short story depicts her endeavor for deconstructing the values of ...

apart expressing the cause of the reflection of light from the surface of polished objects, ibn al-haytham in his al-manāẓir claims that the acceptance or rejection of light by these objects is only due to their polished surfaces and have nothing to do with their solidity, because the reflection of light from the surface of soft polished objects such as water is also possible. kamāl al-dīn al-f...

we have discussed hi t . ] . is orica and clinical aspects of semon's l concerning the hevaviour of the vocal cords' aw net ve paralysis and the exist' diff in the recurrent laryngeal althou h ' mg i erent theories for its explanation. g one may fwd certain truth in neverthless, it seemsfl' someof the old theories, ar more ogical and satisfactor the explanation of th s 'l y to us to search e er...