Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (anti-dsDNA) and antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) are important in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) respectively. Not all anti-dsDNA or APL antibodies can cause clinical effects. Those that are particularly likely to cause tissue damage tend to be of IgG isotype and to possess particular binding p...

The purpose of the article is to study main problematic aspects regulation liability for sabotage in legislation Ukraine. subject research criminal under laws In order obtain reliable results, a number methods are applied: dialectical, formal-logical, hermeneutic, logical-semantic, statistical, comparative-legal, etc. results conducted research: modern threats national security any state requir...

We investigate whether tournament prizes that depend on joint output (“variable prize tournaments”) can alleviate the sabotage problem which is otherwise inherent in structures. In a game-theoretical model with three contestants, we compare fixed-prize tournaments where contestants’ output. Our analysis suggests incentives to may be counteracted variable-prize such contestants no longer sabotag...

Abstract A model is presented where the welfare of contributors to a public good can increase when they face an adversary who ex post sabotages their efforts. It best response for maximally sabotage smallest effort, thus increasing defector's marginal product effort. This creates kink in individual contributor's payoff function around equilibrium which lock into exerting high For sufficiently l...