Unconditionally secure authentication codes with arbitration (A 2-codes) protect against deceptions from the transmitter and the receiver as well as that from the opponent. In this paper, we present combinatorial lower bounds on the cheating probabilities and the sizes of keys of A 2-codes. Especially, our bounds for A 2-codes without secrecy are all tight for small size of source states.

Issues on differences between men and women have always been a source for dispute and different approaches in the available literature on women. Some have seen these differences resulting from the dissimilar socialization of men and women in family and society. While some put more emphasis on the physiological differences and rely on theological interpretations, some others consider them as ess...

mulla sadra has presented four theories on existential propositions which at first glance seem to be completely different from each other. the present article claims that, if we consider these four views from the perspective of the principality of existence and from the perspective of the principality of quiddity we will find that: firstly, these four views are reducible to two, and secondly, t...

mulla-sadra in his different philosophical and theological works has discussed the issue of resurrection (ma-add), both in spiritual and bodily way. in this works he attempted to demonstrate the issue of bodily resurrection according to the principles that formerly have been proved in his philosophical system. the subject is that, the quantity of these principles differs from one work to anothe...

mulla sadra, regards existence as something simple and gradual. rather, he believes that human being have one identity. it is, however, of simplicity and gradation both. for him there are close relation between the stages of soul and the degrees of existence and perceptions. as a result of this relation, every one of human perceptions connects with one of degrees of existence. the knower, in mu...

mulla sadra uses his own principles in the debate over unity, multiplicity and graded unity of being to develop a profound interpretation from the noble tradition “there is no compulsion and volition but something in between”. this approach is formed via exposing the meaning of hierarchy in sadra’s theosophy, human deeds are attributed both to the individual himself and the divine will. his bre...