10.2217/14750708.2.2.167 © 2 part of Inhaled corticosteroids are recommended first-line therapy for asthma of all severities. Concerns regarding local and systemic side effects can influence adherence, and subsequently, efficacy and long-term asthma control. Ciclesonide is a novel inhaled corticosteroid with an improved therapeutic margin – its efficacy is similar to that of other inhaled corti...

We analyze the determinants of government debt under the twin assumptions that governments have limited horizons and default only when government income falls short of debt service requirements. We derive a government’s maximum sustainable debt ratio, that is, the debt ratio chosen by a myopic government whose horizon does not extend beyond its current term in office. Maximum sustainable debt v...

Evaluations of studies for four well-known human developmental toxicants clearly suggest that a margin of exposure of 1/100th the NOAEL for the most sensitive animal species tested provides adequate safety for the human conceptus. The lowest reported human teratogenic exposures occurred at doses at least one log above the estimated "safe" or acceptable daily exposure based on the most sensitive...

Most criticality safety calculations are performed using Monte Carlo techniques because of Monte Carlo’s ability to handle complex three-dimensional geometries. For Monte Carlo calculations, the more histories sampled, the lower the standard deviation of the resulting estimates. The common intuition is, therefore, that the mo re histories, the better; as a result, analysts tend to run Monte Car...

The article by Revesz and Khan is an excellent summary of the state of our knowledge of margin width in relation to breast cancer recurrence. The importance of preventing local recurrence in women who undergo breast-conserving therapy (BCT) for early-stage breast cancer is underscored by the fact that local recurrence is associated with increased cost, psychosocial distress for the patient, and...

Major conclusions and recommendations of the National Commission on Air Quality on issues of health in the Clean Air Act are presented. The issues revolve mainly about the standard setting processes for ubiquitous pollutants, controlled through ambient air quality standards (Section 109), and for hazardous pollutants controlled through emission standards (Section 112). The conceptual difficulti...

A brief history of the development of milk pasteurisation is presented and updated. Concerns about the margin of safety provided by current pasteurisation standards in terms of milk-borne pathogens such as mycobacteria (in particular Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) and other emerging pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are discussed. With the exception of the e...

Although revenue management (RM) originates from service industries, its ideas are also relevant for manufacturing environment. In this paper, we consider RM approaches for demand fulfillment in a make-to-stock (MTS) production system with known exogenous replenishments and stochastic demand from multiple customer classes. We propose a safety margin model which borrows the “safety stock” idea f...

DISCUSSION: Health and Safety Code section 39606 (d) (1) requires the Board, in consultation with the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, to review all current health-based California ambient air quality standards to determine whether, based on public health, scientific literature, and exposure pattern data, the standards adequately protect the health of the public, including infa...

This paper presents a detailed structural reliability procedure in order to achieve an acceptable safety margin for template type offshore platforms located in the Persian Gulf. Probability of failure in this study is calculated by considering the cumulative effects of all levels of wave loading during the lifetime of the structure and uncertainties associated with soil, material properties, co...