The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is a multi-donor partnership administered by the World Bank to help the poor gain access to water supply and sanitation services that are accessible, safe, and sustainable. Th e fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this document are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its affi liated organizatio...

The Mar del Plata International Water Conference provided the first global assessment of the water sector. It was found that in most developing countries the state of water supply and sanitation services were deplorable. Consequently, a call for concerted action to improve coverage and efficiency of the water supply and sanitation sector was launched. This call resulted in the International Wat...

The provision of safely managed sanitation in informal settlements is a challenge, especially in schools that require durable, clean, sex-segregated facilities for a large number of children. In informal settlements in Nairobi, school sanitation facilities demand considerable capital costs, yet are prone to breakage and often unhygienic. The private sector may be able to provide quality facilit...

Basic sanitation services are essential for human development, promoting health and inhibiting the spread of waterborne diseases. The availability information on water at local level supports formulation, implementation improvement public policies aimed advancing provision basic to population. In Brazil, National Water Sanitation Data System (SNIS), administered by Ministry Regional Development...

Sound strategies for community water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries should be based on a clear understanding of the existing problems, the beneficial impacts achievable, and the factors which determine sustainability. The impacts of many water and sanitation programmes are limited, and many systems break down and are abandoned prematurely. Only limited impacts are achi...

background: cd52 is a small glycoprotein with a gpi anchor at its c-terminus. cd52 is expressed by normal and malignant t and b lymphocytes and monocytes. there are detectable amounts of soluble cd52 in plasma of patients with cll and could be used as a tumor marker. although the biological function of cd52 is unknown but it seems that cd52 may be involved in migration and activation of t-cells...

With over 100 million people without access to sewage collection and treatment 35 lacking piped drinking water, the water sanitation services (WSS) sector in Brazil ranks last among all infrastructure sectors. Despite previous efforts reach universal coverage, gap remains wide. In order reduce this gap, Brazilian Parliament approved reform of WSS July 2020. This paper examines state before 2020...