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Mangrove forests grow on tropical and subtropical coastlines play a significant role in reducing hydrodynamic energy. However, little information is known about the mechanism of wave attenuation caused by mangroves different ages, even though effects damping have received widespread concern. Here, series systemic biohydrological data were collected along cross-shore transect through with ages n...

Herbivory by megaherbivores on woody vegetation in general is well documented; however studies focusing on the individual browsing effects of both mega- and mesoherbivore species on recruitment are scarce. We determined these effects for elephant Loxodonta africana and nyala Tragelaphus angasii in the critically endangered Sand Forest, which is restricted to east southern Africa, and is conserv...