BACKGROUND More than a decade of satellite observations offers global information about the trend and magnitude of human exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). OBJECTIVE In this study, we developed improved global exposure estimates of ambient PM2.5 mass and trend using PM2.5 concentrations inferred from multiple satellite instruments. METHODS We combined three satellite-derived PM2.5...

A better understanding of global climate calls for more accurate estimates of liquid and ice water content profiles of precipitating clouds and their associated latent heating profiles. Convective and stratiform precipitation regimes have different latent heating and therefore impact the earth’s climate differently. Classification of clouds over oceans has traditionally been part of more genera...

the grace mission has substantiated the low–low satellite-to-satellite tracking (ll-sst) concept. the ll-sst configuration can be combined with the previously realized high–low sst concept in the champ mission to provide a much higher accuracy. the line of sight (los) acceleration difference between the grace satellite pair is the most frequently used observable for mapping the global gravity f...

Prior studies have shown that long-term changes in latent heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific Ocean are associated with changes in wind speed. The data used in these studies spans over five decades. The early period is solely in situ observations, and the later decades are dominated by satellite observations. This study finds that the differences in physics of surface observations and satellite...

In 2005 the blazar OJ 287 exhibited an interesting variable behavior in the optical band. An optical outburst was observed in the period Oct.-Nov. 2005, and two XMM-Newton X-ray observations were performed in correspondence with two active optical states of the source (an intermediate flare and such claimed outburst). These satellite pointings triggered and invited observations by several radio...

[1] In part 1 of this study (Prigent et al., 2004), in situ measurements were used to analyze and describe the sensitivities of satellite measurements (i.e., active and passive microwave observations and surface skin temperature diurnal cycle amplitude) to the soil moisture variations to describe the complex relationships that exist between them. Soil moisture was considered in the first 10-cm ...

1 Observational data and model simulations are the foundations of our understanding of the climate system1. Satellite remote sensing (SRS) — which acquires information about the Earth’s surface, subsurface and atmosphere remotely from sensors on board satellites (including geodetic satellites) — is an important component of climate system observations. Since the first space observation of solar...

To achieve reliable GPS positioning results a realistic stochastic model for GPS carrier phase observations has to be specified for data processing. In order to develop such a stochastic model, the quality characteristics of GPS carrier phase measurements made by a receiver must be well understood. Recently investigators have used two types of data, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and satellite ele...

This paper explores a method to combine the time and space continuity of a large-scale inundation model with discontinuous satellite microwave observations, for high-resolution flood hazard mapping. The assumption behind this approach is that hydraulic variables computed from continuous spatially-distributed hydrodynamic modeling and observed as discrete satellite-derived flood extents are corr...