The Polish germplasm collection of Nicotiana tabacum was started in the 1920s. Up to now, more than eight hundred accessions originating from different regions world have been gathered collection. It includes valuable breeding lines and obsolete cultivars, among them cytoplasmic male-sterile lines. Numerous cultivars are rich sources features desired tobacco breeding. Therefore, continually cha...

Extensions of Conditioned Weak Law of Large Numbers and Gibbs conditioning principle two probabilistic results which provide a justification of the Relative Entropy Maximization (REM/MaxEnt) method to the case of multiple REM distributions are proposed. Also, their μ-projection (Maximum Probability) alternatives are introduced.

One of the greatest problems in breeding for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance lies in the difficulty of assessing the disease. Air separation methods have long been used in the seed industry for seed conditioning purposes and in seed labs to measure the proportion of different components of seed samples. An air separation machine was specifically developed from a Precision Machine head thr...

Temporal determinants of olfactory long-term memory retention in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus were studied. Elementary appetitive and aversive conditioning procedures, as well as a differential conditioning procedure, were applied. In appetitive conditioning, peppermint odour was paired with a water reward. In aversive conditioning, vanilla odour was paired with saline solution. In different...

Perioperative myocardial ischemia and infarction are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality following anesthesia and surgery. The discovery of endogenous cardioprotective mechanisms has led to testing of new methods to protect the human heart. These approaches have included ischemic pre-conditioning, per-conditioning, post-conditioning, and remote conditioning of the myocardium. Pre-cond...

Memory is composed of several different abilities that are supported by different brain systems. The distinction between declarative (conscious) and nondeclarative (non-conscious) memory has proved useful in understanding the nature of eyeblink classical conditioning - the best understood example of classical conditioning in vertebrates. In delay conditioning, the standard procedure, conditioni...

Studies of differential eyeblink conditioning (CS+ and CS-) have demonstrated that successful conditioning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies and that delay conditioning does not. Two experiments were carried out to determine whether awareness is also important for single-cue trace eyeblink conditioning. In experiment 1, participants who performed a secondary, attention-demanding ...

The role of conscious cognitive processes in human affective conditioning remains controversial, with several theories arguing that such conditioning can occur without awareness of the conditioned stimulus (CS)-unconditioned stimulus (UCS) contingency. One specific type of affective conditioning in which unaware conditioning is said to occur is "evaluative conditioning." The present experiment ...

This paper introduces backward conditioning. Like forward conditioning (used in conditioned slicing), backward conditioning consists of specialising a program with respect to a condition inserted into the program. However, whereas forward conditioning deletes statements which are not executed when the initial state satisfies the condition, backward conditioning deletes statements which cannot c...

The activity of dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a key mechanism in mesolimbic reward processing that has modulatory effects on different diencephalic structures like hippocampus (HIP), and receives inhibitory feedback and excitatory feed forward control. In addition, within the hippocampus, DA receptors are mostly located in the dorsal part (CA1) and dopa...