The traditional contract between the network and the lower layers states that the network does routing and the lower layers deliver correct packets. In a wireless network, however, different nodes may hear most bits in a transmission, yet none of them receives the whole packet uncorrupted. The current approach imposes fate sharing on the bits, dropping a whole packet because of a few incorrect ...

Intelligent game-based learning environments show considerable promise for creating effective and engaging learning experiences that are tailored to individuals. To date, much of the research on intelligent game-based learning environments has focused on formal education settings and training. However, intelligent game-based learning environments also offer significant potential for informal ed...

OLLAPSE of the immature seed is a frequent cause of sterility folc lowing interspecific matings in flowering plants. The histological changes leading to failure of fertile ovules of this kind are described in the present paper. Two tissues are primarily involved, endosperm and nucellus. The evidence shows that abortion of the young seed originates in an impaired capacity for growth of the endos...

During vegetative and embryonic developmental transitions, plant cells are massively reorganized to support the activities that will take place during the subsequent developmental phase. Studying cellular and subcellular changes that occur during these short transitional periods can sometimes present challenges, especially when dealing with Arabidopsis thaliana embryo and seed tissues. As a com...

Cystatins are tightly bound and reversible inhibitors of cysteine proteases in C1A and C13 peptidase families, which have been identified in several species and shown to function in vegetative development and response to biotic/abiotic stresses in plants. Recent work revealed their critical role in regulating programmed cell death during embryogenesis in tobacco and suggested their more compreh...

Premise Despite the existence of many studies on responses plant species to climate change, there is a knowledge gap how specific climatic factors and their interactions regulate seed germination in alpine species. This understanding complicated by interplay between seeds environment experienced during germination, maternal development genetic adaptations its origin. Methods The study ( Anthoxa...

Cigarette smoking is growing and nicotine is considered as the most adverse agent in the cigarette smoking. Nicotine is an alkaloid and forms 90% of alkaloids of cigarette. Nicotine is accountable for creating disorders and cancers such as lung cancer, heart disease and chronic lung disease. Nicotine can be considered as an autophagy and apoptosis inducer which can either directly or indirectly...

Research on post-dispersal seed fates has expanded rapidly in the past 20 years. The finding that rodents worldwide scatterhoard many types of seeds and that such scatterhoarding is a second stage of dispersal for some plants has led to the realization that one cannot assume that seed removal is equivalent to seed predation (Forget et al., 1998; Jansen, 2003). Several studies indicate that seco...