Can legislatures effectively check unilateral executive power? One prominent and counterintuitive finding in previous work is that executives pursue unilateral strategies less often under divided government. We consider how legislatures’ ability to retaliate against executives influences unilateralism under inter-branch conflict, arguing that it is conditional on the policymaking capacity of le...

T o what extent does the separation of powers affect congressional roll call voting behavior? To answer this question, I offer a strategic model of congressional decision making that asserts members of Congress pursue public policy goals when casting roll call votes. From the equilibrium predictions of a formal model, I generate testable hypotheses by computing the expected net amount of sophis...

The construction and strengthening of a democratic state governed by the rule law, in which human dignity, rights freedoms, free development personality, justice political pluralism represent highest values are constitutionally guaranteed, perhaps ensuring exercise national sovereignty through representation, only application principle separation powers state, represents mechanism degeneration ...

Public sector agencies are an important front in the day-to-day battle for political supremacy between the executive and the legislature. The executive’s key agents in this conflict are his appointees, who frequently play one of two roles: Congressional allies, where they help Congress implement policy and Congressional adversaries, where they fight with Congress to shift policy strongly toward...