Over small spatial scales, variation in the density of settlers of benthic sessile species is the result of interactions among larval behavior, local hydrodynamic conditions, and the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the benthic habitat. It has been shown repeatedly that adult benthic filter-feeders can consume larvae of their own and other species, but their effects on the d...

Keywords: Rockfill creep Particle mechanics method Water weakening Wetting–drying cycles Particle breakage Abrasion a b s t r a c t Rockfill is an important construction material for infrastructure engineering, such as dams, railways and airport foundations, which display a long-term post-construction settlement. However, the main mechanisms for rockfill creep and weathering influence still rem...

Traditional Balinese Architecture is known for its extensive rules at both, the microscopic and the macroscopic level, ranging from the design of entire villages to single building elements. These rules are preserved in century old palm leaves, so-called lontars, and were put into practice by the Undagi (traditional “architect”) according to the needs of the owner of the building who provides t...

Over the past decade the most popular design for high-value payment systems has changed, reflecting market needs and the concerns of central banks for systemic stability. Before 1990 most systems were designed on a deferred net settlement (DNS) basis but since then almost all major countries have moved to Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) systems for high-value payments. They are now used widel...

Following a planktonic dispersal period of days to months, the larvae of benthic marine organisms must locate suitable seafloor habitat in which to settle and metamorphose. For animals that are sessile or sedentary as adults, settlement onto substrates that are adequate for survival and reproduction is particularly critical, yet represents a challenge since patchily distributed settlement sites...

The dynamic nature of loads, seasonal variation of soil properties, uneven soil strata below footings or inappropriate design of foundation makes differential settlement inevitable. Differential settlement is largely responsible for developing forces or changing the existing forces in the structure and is often considered as the underlying cause of many structural failures. A structural enginee...

For sessile organisms, dispersal and recruitment are typically spatially stochastic, but there is little understanding of how this variability scales up to influence processes such as competitive coexistence. Here we argue that coexistence of benthic marine animals is enhanced by stochastic differences between species in the spatial distribution of larval settlement. Differentiation of settleme...

In sessile marine invertebrates, larval settlement is fundamental to population maintenance and persistence. Cues contributing to the settlement choices and metamorphosis of larvae have important implications for the success of individuals and populations, but cues mediating larval settlement for many marine invertebrates are largely unknown. This study assessed larval settlement in two common ...

One prominent explanation for disagreement in bargaining is that the parties have divergent and relatively optimistic expectations regarding the ultimate outcome if they fail to agree. The fact that settlement rates are much higher where final-offer arbitration is the dispute settlement procedure than where conventional arbitration is the dispute settlement procedure is used as the basis of a t...

Coral populations, and the productive reef ecosystems they support, rely on successful recruitment of reef-building species, beginning with settlement of dispersing larvae into habitat favourable to survival. Many substrate cues have been identified as contributors to coral larval habitat selection; however, the potential for ambient acoustic cues to influence coral settlement responses is unkn...