The separation and recovery of rare earth metals from fluorescence material waste was investigated by using solvent extraction with 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester in kerosene. Extraction equilibrium expressions were established for the trivalent metals (La, Ce, Eu, Tb, Y and Al) and divalent metals (Ca, Sr and Ba) for both single and multi components systems. The process s...

Self-determination is widely understood as an anti-imperial norm responsible in significant part for the global break-up of empires. But self-determination norms have been utilized as well to justify Great Power territorial expansion. This essay examines the ways in which self-determination norms have been wielded by the Soviet Union and Russia to justify overriding sovereignty norms, challenge...