L-SHADE is an algorithm based on differential evolution wich automatically adapts the parameters related to mutation (F ) and crossover (CR) using a parameter memory. L-SHADE also controls the population size (NP ) with a linear function. In this work, a constrainthandling technique is added to L-SHADE to optimize three four-bar

This paper presents the use of multitemporal remote sensing data for monitoring land cover changes in Acre State, Brazilian Amazônia. The 2000 Landsat ETM+, the 1990 Landsat TM, and 1980 Landsat MSS were used. The 2005 and 2007 MODIS images were also used to map deforestation occurred during the recent years and to map burned areas occurred in the 2005 dry year. The Landsat and MODIS images wer...

The carbon balance is defined here as the partitioning of daily whole-plant gross CO2 assimilation (A) in C available for growth and C required for respiration (R). A scales positively with growth irradiance and there is evidence for an irradiance dependence of R as well. Here we ask if R as a fraction of A is also irradiance dependent, whether there are systematic differences in C-balance betw...

BACKGROUND The promotion of cacao agroforestry is one of the ways of diversifying farmer income and creating incentives through their inclusion in REDD+ interventions. We estimated the aboveground carbon stocks in cacao and shade trees, determined the floristic diversity of shade trees and explored the possibility of implementing REDD+ interventions in cacao landscapes. Using replicated multi-s...

The potential use of shade covers to reduce evaporation from agricultural reservoirs motivated this study on the effect of black polyethylene shade on the evaporation rate from a small water body (Class-A pan) and of its driving variables. Evaporation was measured hourly in two pans during the summer in Cartagena (Spain), along with the measurements of air temperature and humidity, water temper...

A natural oriented (2k+2)-chain in CP 2k+1 with boundary twice RP , its complex shade, is constructed. Via intersection numbers with the shade, a new invariant, the shade number, of k-dimensional subvarieties with normal vector fields along their real part, is introduced. For an evendimensional real variety, the shade number and the Euler number of the complement of the normal vector field in t...

The isoflavone profiles of seeds of various soybean genotypes with different levels of shade tolerance at the seedling stage were investigated. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify 12 isoflavones, and the data were analyzed using a multivariate statistical analysis. Combined with field experimental data and an orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis ...

Hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to study water allocation in cell compartments of sun and shade leaves. NMR spectra of Acer platanoides were resolved into two peaks that were assigned to chloroplast and nonchloroplast water. Sun leaves contained 1.7 times more water per unit area of surface than shade leaves, and the water was allocated differently. Chloroplasts in s...

INTRODUCTION Shade is one of the most important attributes when evaluating the success of a restoration. Several factors can influence the visual shade matching process, and therefore the outcome of the final restoration. OBJECTIVES 1. to assess the importance of clinical experience on shade matching accuracy; 2. to assess the influence of two standard light sources on the ability to match sh...