Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements. Uncertainty Almost all information is subject to uncertainty. Uncertainty may arise from inaccurate or incomplete information (e.g., how large are the current U.S. petroleum reserves?), from linguistic imprecision (what exactly do we mean by " petroleum reserves " ?), and from disagreement between informat...

How to quantify the uncertain information in the framework of Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is still an open issue. Quite a few uncertainty measures have been proposed in Dempster-Shafer framework, however, the existing studies mainly focus on the mass function itself, the available information represented by the scale of the frame of discernment (FOD) in the body of evidence is ignored. With...

This paper investigates the use of voting as a conflict-resolution technique for data analysis in robot programming. Voting represents an information-abstraction technique. It is argued that in some cases a voting approach is inherent in the nature of the data being analyzed: where multiple, independent sources of information must be reconciled to give a group decision that reflects a single ou...

In this article λ-method of Mitrinović-Vasić [1] is applied to improve the upper bound for the arc sin function of L. Zhu [4]. 1. Inequalities of Shafer-Fink’s type D. S. Mitrinović in [1] considered the lower bound of the arc sin function, which belongs to R. E. Shafer. Namely, the following statement is true. Theorem 1.1 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 the following inequalities are true: 3x 2 + √ 1− x2 ≤ 6( √...

In the presence of uncertainty, computation of the certainty factor of a hypothesis requires, in general, the availability of rules for combining evidence under chaining, dis-junction and conjunction. The method described in this paper is based on the use of what may be viewed as a generalization of syllogistic reasoning in classical logic-a generalization in which numerical or, more generally,...

s part of an Office of Naval Research–funded science and technology development task, APL is developing an identification (ID) sensor data fusion testbed. The testbed is driven by an APL-modified version of the Joint Composite Tracking Network pilot benchmark called the Composite Combat ID Analysis Testbed (CAT). The CAT provides accurate tracking for realistic scenarios involving multiple targ...

This paper proposes a novel approach to decision analysis with uncertainty based on integrated case-based inference and approximate reasoning. The strength of case-based inference is utilized for building a situation dependent decision model without complete domain knowledge. This is achieved by deriving states probabilities and general utility estimates from the subset of retrieved cases and t...

The Dempster-Shafer theory has been extended recently for its application to expert systems. However, implementing the extended D-S reasoning model in rule-based systems greatly complicates the task of generating informative explanations. By implementing GERTIS, a prototype system for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis, we show that two kinds of knowledge are essential for explanation generation: ...

In Dempster–Shafer evidence theory (DST), some classical combination rules can be used to fuse the multiple pieces of evidence, respectively abstracted from different attributes (features) so as increase accuracy multiattribute classification decision making. However, most them have not yet considered interdependence among evidence. The newly proposed maximum likelihood evidential reasoning (MA...