Considering that the movements of complex system entities take place on continuous, but non-differentiable, curves, concepts, like non-differentiable entropy, informational non-differentiable entropy and informational non-differentiable energy, are introduced. First of all, the dynamics equations of the complex system entities (Schrödinger-type or fractal hydrodynamic-type) are obtained. The la...

Magnetostratigraphy of sedimentary rock deposited in the Chaka basin (north-easternTibetan Plateau) indicates a lateMiocene onset of basin formation and subsequent development of the adjacent Qinghai Nan Shan. Sedimentation in the basin initiated at 11Ma. In the lower part of the basin ¢ll, a coarsening-upward sequence starting at 9Ma, as well as rapid sedimentation rates, and northward paleocu...

Complex systems are often inherently non-ergodic and non-Markovian and Shannon entropy loses its applicability. Accelerating, path-dependent and aging random walks offer an intuitive picture for non-ergodic and non-Markovian systems. It was shown that the entropy of non-ergodic systems can still be derived from three of the Shannon–Khinchin axioms and by violating the fourth, the so-called comp...

Random number generators (RNGs) are essential for cryptographic applications. In most practical applications, the randomness of RNGs is provided by entropy sources. If the randomness is less than the expected, the security of cryptographic applications could be undermined. Accurate entropy estimation is a critical method for the evaluation of RNG security, and significant overestimation and und...