Six months ago, Alastair Simpson and Andrew Roger published in these pages a primer on “The real ‘kingdoms’ of eukaryotes”. This Primer should be seen as a companion to theirs, addressing not only the currently accepted classification of prokaryotes, but also the inferred evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes — Bacteria and Archaea — and between them and eukaryotes. It may seem surprisin...

Objective To quantify fixation stability of the upward gaze in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) using an eye tracker. Methods and analysis In this study, 21 normal subjects, 5 patients with MG with diplopia, 5 patients with MG without diplopia and 6 patients with superior oblique (SO) palsy were included. Subjects fixated on a target in the upward direction for 1 min. The horizontal (X) a...

We present a modified local realistic model, based on instruction sets that can be used to approximately reproduce the data of the Pan et al experiment. The data of our model are closer to the results of the actual experiment by Pan et al than the predictions of their quantum mechanical model. As a consequence the experimental results can not be used to support their claim that quantum nonlocal...

Simpson’s paradox is often presented as a compelling demonstration of why we need statistics education in our schools. It is a reminder of how easy it is to fall into a web of paradoxical conclusions when relying solely on intuition, unaided by rigorous statistical methods. In recent years, ironically, the paradox assumed an added dimension when educators began using it to demonstrate the limit...

A classical deterministic, reversible dynamical systems, reproducing the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) correlations in full respect of causality and locality and without the introduction of any ad hoc selection procedure, was constructed in the paper [3]. In the present paper we prove that the above mentioned model is unique (see Theorem (2) ) in the sense that any local causal probability meas...

We consider the general problem of price discrimination with nonlinear pricing in an oligopoly setting where firms are spatially differentiated. We characterize the nature of optimal pricing schedules which in turn depends importantly upon the type of private information which the customer possesses – either horizontal uncertainty regarding brand preference or vertical uncertainty regarding qua...

MOTIVATION The problem of reconstructing full sibling groups from DNA marker data remains a significant challenge for computational biology. A recently published heuristic algorithm based on Mendelian exclusion rules and the Simpson index was successfully applied to the full sibship reconstruction (FSR) problem. However, the so-called SIMPSON algorithm has an unknown complexity measure, questio...

Bell’s theorem contains the proposition that the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) theory (hypothesis) of the existence of elements of reality together with Einstein locality permits a mathematical description of EPR experiments by functions that are all defined on one common probability space. This proposition leads in turn to restrictions for possible experimental outcomes that Bell expressed in ...

We welcome the comments of Simpson et al. (1). There is clearly a need to understand the basic properties of parasite clearance rates and their potential role as policy decision tools. Simpson et al. state that our models are “limited with respect to two key parameters, the infecting parasite strain and host immunity.” We address each point in turn, noting that our nomenclature (2) recognized t...