Let q(x, t) satisfy an integrable nonlinear evolution PDE on the interval 0 < x < L, and let the order of the highest x-derivative be n. For a problem to be at least linearly well-posed one must prescribe N boundary conditions at x = 0 and n − N boundary conditions at x = L, where if n is even, N = n/2, and if n is odd, N is either (n − 1)/2 or (n + 1)/2, depending on the sign of ∂n x q. For ex...

Short interspersed nucleotide elements (SINEs), a type of retrotransposon, are widely distributed in various genomes with multiple copies arranged in different orientations, and cause changes to genes and genomes during evolutionary history. This can provide the basis for determining genome diversity, genetic variation and molecular phylogeny, etc. SINE DNA is transcribed into RNA by polymerase...

Vertebrate retrotransposons have been used extensively for phylogenetic analyses and studies of molecular evolution. Information can be obtained from specific inserts either by comparing sequence differences that have accumulated over time in orthologous copies of that insert or by determining the presence or absence of that specific element at a particular site. The presence of specific copies...

Almost half of the human genome and as much as 40% of the mouse genome is composed of repetitive DNA sequences. The majority of these repeats are retrotransposons of the SINE and LINE families, and such repeats are generally repressed by epigenetic mechanisms. It has been proposed that these elements can act as methylation centers from which DNA methylation spreads into gene promoters in cancer...

In this paper, we have simulated the excitation of wake fields in the interaction of an intensive laser pulses having Half-Sine and Gaussian time envelopes with a fully ionized cold plasma using particle in cell (PIC) method. We investigated the dependency of wake filed amplitude to different laser and plasma parameters such as laser wavelength, pulse duration and electron number density. In ad...

In this paper, four types of fractional Fourier cosine and sine Laplace weighted convolutions are defined, the corresponding convolution theorems associated with transform, transform derived in detail. Furthermore, relationship between (sine) existing studied, Young's type theorem is also investigated. addition, as an application for (sine)-Laplace convolution, system convolution-type integral ...