Purpose. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the in vitro quantification of econazole nitrate (EN) and 4-cyanophenol (4-CP) in hairless guinea pig skin. Methods. NIR spectra were collected from each of the following: EN and 4-CP powders, EN and 4-CP in solution, and skin samples following topical exposure to either 4-CP in water or EN...

OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and tolerability of topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus compared with other treatments for atopic dermatitis. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Electronic searches of the Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase. STUDY SELECTION Randomised controlled trials of topical pimecrolimus or tacrolimus reporting efficacy outcomes or tolerabi...

Nanostructured carriers have been widely used in pharmaceutical formulations for dermatological treatment. They offer targeted drug delivery, sustained release, improved biostability, and low toxicity, usually presenting advantages over conventional formulations. Due to its large surface area, small size photothermal properties, graphene oxide (GO) has the potential be such applications. Nanogr...

Lipid formulations, while gaining increasing importance in parenteral and oral drug delivery, are also important in transdermal and topical drug delivery. Examples and mechanisms by which lipids enhance the transport of drugs transdermally (through the skin) and topically (into the skin) will be discussed. Lipid formulations can form structures such as micelles, reverse micelles, emulsions, mic...

Metabolism of chemicals occurs in skin and therefore should be taken into account when one determines topical exposure dose. Skin metabolism is difficult to measure in vivo because biological specimens may also contain metabolites from other tissues. Metabolism in skin during percutaneous absorption can be studied with viable skin in flow-through diffusion cells. Several compounds metabolized b...