Investigators with an operant conditioning orientation have produced evidence that conditioning can occur without awareness, whereas workers from a cognitive learning theory point of view, employing somewhat different experimetnal procedures, have obtained results supporting the hypothesis that conditioning only occurs in subjects who become aware of the response-reinforcement contingency. More...

Basically, instrumental conditioning is learning through consequences: Behavior that produces positive results (high “instrumental response”) is reinforced, and that which produces negative effects (low “instrumental response”) is weakened. Instrumental conditioning plays a major role in learning, but the content of such learning might be desired (e.g. correct cause-effect association) or undes...

Four major theoretical perspectives on emotion in psychology are described. Examples of the ways in which research on emotion and speech utilize aspects of the various perspectives are presented and a plea is made for students of emotion and speech to consider more self-consciously the place of their research within each of the perspectives. 1. ARE THEORIES OF EMOTION NECESSARY? Fifty years ago...