How morphogen gradients are shaped is a major question in developmental biology, but remains poorly understood. Hedgehog (Hh) is a locally secreted ligand that reaches cells at a distance and acts as a morphogen to pattern the Drosophila wing and the vertebrate neural tube. The proper patterning of both structures relies on the precise control over the slope of Hh activity gradient. A number of...

In the present work, we describe fundamental and practical advantages of a new strategy to improve resolution very closely eluting peaks within therapeutic protein samples.

BACKGROUND Differentiation of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) often requires right heart catheterization (RHC). We sought to determine whether a combination of clinical and echocardiographic variables could predict the pulmonary diastolic to wedge (PAd-PWP) gradient and thus differentiate patients with PAH and PVH. METHODS We prospectively enrolle...

Background The history of q-calculus dates back to the beginning of the previous century when, based on the pioneering works of Euler and Heine, the English reverend Frank Hilton Jackson developed q-calculus in a systematic way (Chaundy 1962; Ernst 2000; Kac and Cheung 2002). His work gave rise to generalizations of special numbers, series, functions and, more importantly, to the concepts of th...

In this research, turbulent MHD convection of liquid metal with constant and variable properties is investigated numerically. The finite volume method is applied to model the fluid flow and natural convection heat transfer in a square cavity. The fluid flow and heat transfer were simulated and compared for two cases constant and variable properties. It is observed that for the case variable pro...

The theme of the work presented here is performance comparison of gradient mask texture based image retrieval techniques using Walsh, Haar and Kekre transforms with image maps. The shape of the image is extracted by using three different gradient operators (Prewitt, Robert and Sobel) with slope magnitude method followed by generation of image maps (binary image maps in case of Walsh transform a...

Soil genesis, physico-chemical properties and tea yield were investigated along different hillslope positions in the major tea cultivation area of Iran, i.e. Lahijan, Gilan Province. Land suitability was also determined for the tea production in this hilly region. Four different slope positions i.e., summit, shoulder, backslope and toeslope were sampled on three slope aspects following the prof...