The purpose of my investigation is to clarify the mechanical characteristics of fuzzily arranged Hanegi (Photo 3) of Japanese traditional buildings, and to give suggestions as to possibility of application to structural design of modern wooden buildings. Hanegi is an unstable structural system of roof frame which is supported with the action of levers. The writers analyze why an unstable struct...

LIMITED EXTRAPOLATION: If we possess the evidence that it has snows in Moscow every year for at least one thousand consecutive years, and if we possess no contrary evidence suggesting a change in the Russian climate, and if, as a matter of fact, it Snows in Moscow the next year not belonging to this set, then we are in a position to know that it snows in Moscow the next year. That is, if, on th...

Snow density is a fundamental physical property of snowpacks used in many aspects of snow research. As an integral component in the remote sensing of snow water equivalent and parameterisation of snow models, snow density may be used to describe many important features of snowpack behaviour. The present study draws on a significant dataset of snow density and climate observations from the Unite...

Snowpack evolution and glacier ice surface temperatures were studied on the Indren glacier (Northwestern Alps, Italy) under different meteorological conditions: in winter 2002–2003, rich in snow from the beginning of the season, and in winter 2005– 2006, poor in snow until February. Periodical snow profiles were made to measure the physical properties of snow, while data loggers measured the sn...

Snow on Antarctic sea ice plays a key role for sea ice physical processes and complicates retrieval of sea ice thickness using altimetry. Current methods of snow depth retrieval are based on satellite microwave radiometry, which perform best for dry, homogeneous snow packs on level sea ice. We introduce an alternative approach based on in-situ measurements of total (sea ice plus snow) freeboard...

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a significant forcing agent in the Arctic, but substantial uncertainty remains to quantify its climate effects due complexity of different mechanisms involved, particular related processes snowpack after deposition. In this study, we provide detailed and unique information on evolution variability BC content upper surface snow layer during spring period Svalbard (...

[1] ‏ahmad, s. and simonovic, s.p. (2005). an artificial neural network model for generating hydrograph from hydrometeorological parameters, j. hydrol, 315, 236-251. [2] agarwal, a., mishra, s.k., ram, s. and singh, j.k. (2006). simulation of runoff and sediment yield using artificial neural networks, biosys. eng, 94(4), 597-613. [3] amini, m., abbaspour, k.c., khademi, h., fathianpour, n., afy...

High-resolution snow distributions are essential for studying cold regions. However, the temporal and spatial resolutions of current remote sensing snow maps remain limited. Remotely sensed snow cover fraction (SCF) data only provide quantitative descriptions of snow area proportions and do not provide information on subgrid-scale snow locations. We present a downscaling method based on simulat...

The strength of snow-albedo feedback (SAF) in transient climate change simulations of the Fourth Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is generally determined by the surfacealbedo decrease associated with a loss of snow cover rather than the reduction in snow albedo due to snow metamorphosis in a warming climate. The large intermodel spread in SAF strength is likewise attr...

MODIS, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), is scheduled for launch in late 1998 or 1999 aboard the first Earth Observing System (EOS) platform. Global, daily snow-cover maps with a spatial resolution of 500 meters will be produced from MODIS data using a fully-automated and computationally-frugal snow-mapping algorithm. Recently, modifications to the original snow-mapping...