Research and development and innovation has an indisputable role in increasing the economic competitiveness of a country or a region and also indirectly in creating social welfare (Pitti 2006). Theoretical and practical professionals have been interested in this issue for decades, what is more for centuries. However it was not always called research and development and innovation but simply tec...

Growth, Development, and Technological Change The theory of endogenous technical change has deeply contributed to our understanding of the fundamental sources of economic growth and development. In this chapter we survey important contributions in the field by focussing on the basic structure of endogenous growth models with horizontal as well as vertical innovation and emphasizing important im...

We set up a theoretical framework to analyse the role of economic growth and technological progress in the erosion of social capital. Under certain conditions on parameters, the relationship between technological progress and social capital can take the shape of an inverted U curve. Furthermore, we show the circumstances that allow the economy to follow trajectories where the stock of social ca...

Many scholars ask—either implicitly or explicitly—why anyone should study entrepreneurship. Data are difficult to obtain, theory is underdeveloped, and many findings to date are the same as those obtained in other areas of business, although differences in legitimacy and value as well as in the practical and theoretical importance of studying entrepreneurship exist. However, since the publicati...

ability to have good interpersonal relationship without social anxiety is the inseparable component of an effective nursing care process. the purpose of this study was to determine relationship between social anxiety and some demographic characteristics in undergraduate nursing students. this descriptive analytic study includes 400 students from tehran university of medical sciences who were re...

We present a new dataset with 15 indicators for the political, economic and social impact of colonialism. This dataset and our four indices for the impact of colonialism create for the first time the opportunity to compare directly the levels of colonial transformation for a sample of 83 African and Asian countries. Some of our exploratory findings on the interrelation of the dimensions show th...

Racial discrimination pervades every aspect of a society in which it is found. It is found above all in attitudes of both races, but also in social relations, in intermarriage, in residential location, and, frequently, in legal barriers. It is also found in levels of economic accomplishment; that is, income, wages, prices paid, and credit extended. This economic dimension hardly appears in gene...

the purpose of current article is to study the effect of sense of place on creating the urban identity in new cities. in order to fulfill the mentioned purpose, the key concepts of research and the theories related to the issue were studied. according to it, in order to collect the data, library method and note taking tool were used. the studies indicated the presence of human in the environmen...

The concept of human development has recently emerged to rival economic development as a worldwide objective of public policy. In assessing human welfare, advocates of this concept would, at a minimum, place indicators of social conditions, notably life expectancy and educational achievement, on equal footing with traditional economic measures like GDP per capita and a poverty index; some would...