Pairwise forces between particles in cosmological N-body simulations are generally softened to avoid hard collisions. Physically, this softening corresponds to treating the particles as diffuse clouds rather than point masses. For particles of unequal mass (and hence unequal softening length), computing the softened force involves a nontrivial double integral over the volumes of the two particl...

in this work dynamic recrystallization behavior of aisi 403 martensitic stainless steel was studied using hot compression tests over temperature range of 900 c -1200 c and strain rate range of 0.001 s-1 - 1 s-1. the obtained flow curves showed that the hot compression behavior of the alloy is controlled by dynamic recrystallization. the flow stress and strain corresponding to the critical, pe...

dynamic recrystallization, drx, behaviour of a precipitation hardened, ph, stainless steel was studied in connection with microstructural developments in a compression test. the experimental results showed that the dominant mechanism of softening is drx, but at high strain rates and low temperatures, ie, high zener-holman parameter, z, work hardening and dynamic recovery, drv, produced a pancke...

Isothermal interrupted hot compression tests of 5754 aluminum were conducted on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator at temperatures of 350 °C and 450 °C, and strain rates of 0.1 s−1 and 1 s−1. To investigate the metadynamic recrystallization behavior, a range of inter-pass delay times (5–60 s) was employed. These tests simulated flat rolling to investigate how softening behaviors respond...

The effect of thermal treatment on spruce is examined by analyzing the fracture and hygroscopic properties. Specimens were heated at temperatures within the range 120-200 °C for 1 h. Fracture energy was measured using a single-edge notched bending test and the strain-softening index was estimated by dividing the fracture energy by the maximum load. Adsorption properties were estimated using ads...

The paper shows that spectral wave propagation analysis reveals in a simple and clear manner the effectiveness of various regularization techniques for softening materials, i.e., materials for which the yield limits soften as a function of the total strain. Both plasticity and damage models are considered. It is verified analytically in a simple way that the nonlocal integral-type model with de...

Many rubber like materials present a stress-softening phenomenon known as Mullins effect. It is characterized by a difference of behavior between the first and second loading and by a residual strain after a first loading. Moreover according to the literature this stress softening is anisotropic. A new constitutive equation is proposed. It relies on the decomposition of the macromolecular netwo...

The object of this study was to investigate the relationship between the staining behavior of the carious dentin by the caries detector solution and the structural characteristics of the dentin. Using 160 human extracted caries teeth, the ground and polished sectioned surface and the cutting surface of the caries cavities were prepared. The surface stained by the detector solution was examined ...

Although aluminum has a smaller modulus in [111]<112> shear than that of copper, we find by first-principles calculation that its ideal shear strength is larger because of a more extended deformation range before softening. This fundamental behavior, along with an abnormally high intrinsic stacking fault energy and a different orientation dependence on pressure hardening, are traced to the dire...

Concrete is a material whose performance is governed by the subtle interaction of its cohesive and frictional constituents. Since the theories of plasticity, damage mechanics, and fracture mechanics cannot, by themselves, capture both of these phenomena, a novel constitutive model is proposed which combines the theories of plasticity and damage mechanics in a multi-surface formulation. Synthesi...