There are two types of high-speed solar wind streams classified in two categories: coronal hole associated and flare generated streams. These two types of streams are classified in two categories base on magnetic field and solar wind plasma parameters. We studied the dependence of cosmic ray depressions due to high-speed solar wind streams during low amplitude days. Cosmic ray intensity data wa...

This tutorial focuses on basic physical concepts relevant to the heating of the corona and acceleration of the solar wind. We begin with a discussion of observations of the solar wind and solar corona and then develop a simple theoretical framework that allows us to explore some implications of the observations. Next we turn to observations of the lower solar atmosphere and their implications f...

[1] Magnetically active times, e.g., Kp > 5, are notoriously difficult to predict, precisely the times when such predictions are crucial to the space weather users. Taking advantage of the routinely available solar wind measurements at Langrangian point (L1) and nowcast Kps, Kp forecast models based on neural networks were developed with the focus on improving the forecast for active times. To ...

The source region of solar wind plasma is observed to be directly reflected in the compositional pattern of both elemental and charge state compositions. Slow solar wind associated with streamers shows higher freeze-in temperatures and larger FIP enhancements than coronal hole associated wind. Also, the variability of virtually all compositional parameters is much higher for slow solar wind com...

Renewable energy sources i.e.,energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, hydro power, geothermal and ocean resources are considered as a technological option for generating clean energy. But the energy generated from solar and wind is much less than the production by fossil fuels, however, electricity generation by utilizing PV cells and wind turbine increased rapidly in recent years. This pap...

Aims. We study the EUV/soft X-ray emission generated by charge transfer between solar wind heavy ions and interstellar neutral atoms and variations of the X-ray intensities and spectra with the line of sight direction, the observer location, the solar cycle phase and the solar wind anisotropies, and a temporary enhancement of the solar wind similar to the event observed by Snowden et al. (2004)...

The energy budgets of small endotherms are profoundly affected by characteristics of the physical environment such as wind speed, air temperature and solar radiation. Among these, solar radiation represents a potentially very large heat load to small animals and may have an important influence on their thermoregulatory metabolism and heat balance. In this investigation, we examined the interact...

The combination of the Voyager spacecraft in the outer heliosphere, Ulysses at high latitudes, and multiple solar wind monitors near Earth provides a unique opportunity to study the global structure and evolution of the solar wind. From solar minimum to solar maximum the latitudinal gradients of density and speed reverse so that at solar maximum speeds are higher near the solar equator, but sol...

The combination of the Voyager spacecraft in the outer heliosphere, Ulysses at high latitudes, and multiple solar wind monitors near Earth provides a unique opportunity to study the global structure and evolution of the solar wind. From solar minimum to solar maximum the latitudinal gradients of density and speed reverse so that at solar maximum speeds are higher near the solar equator, but sol...

The spatial distributions of large-scale fieldaligned Birkeland currents have been derived using magnetic field data obtained from the Iridium constellation of satellites from February 1999 to December 2007. From this database, we selected intervals that had at least 45% overlap in the large-scale currents between successive hours. The consistency in the current distributions is taken to indica...