The bitter taste of many protein rich foods resides in the peptide fraction. 61 bitter tasting peptides, isolated from natural systems, and 145 bitter tasting synthetic peptides are reviewed. The relationships between average hydrophobicity and bitter taste are then discussed.

There are often negative side-effects associated with the traditional (silage) maize cropping system related to unprotected soil surface. Reducing disturbance could enhance sustainability. Yet, increased weed pressure and decreased nitrogen availability, particularly in organic agriculture, may limit implementation of alternative management methods. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted a...

in order to study the density and diversity of weeds and yield of barley and hairy vetch affected by mixed intercropping ratios, a field experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the agricultural research station, college of agriculture, ferdowsi university of mashhad during growing season of 2012-2013. ratios of mixed intercropping were 75% ...

Molecular data suggest that receptors for all bitter ligands are coexpressed in the same taste receptor cells (TRCs), whereas physiological results indicate that individual TRCs respond to only a subset of bitter stimuli. It is also unclear to what extent bitter-responsive neurons are stimulated by nonbitter stimuli. To explore these issues, single neuron responses were recorded from the rat nu...

Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) is a leguminous crop widely used as green manure and a cover crop in Japan. It exhibits strong weed-suppressing activity, high resistance to insect pests, and the ability to fix nitrogen through symbiotic interactions with soil bacteria known as rhizobia. Few studies have investigated the rhizobia that form nodules on hairy vetch in Japan, and the biological res...

In this study we tested whether legumes can improve the growth and N and S nutrition of rapeseed in an intercropping system and compared the effect of mixtures on legume N-fixation and soil N-resources. Rapeseed was cultivated in low N conditions in monocrops using one (R) or two plants (RR) per pot and in mixtures with lupine, clover or vetch. The R monocrop was the most relevant control, intr...

Taste receptors play a crucial role in detecting the presence of bitter compounds such as alkaloids, and help to prevent the ingestion of toxic food. In Drosophila, we show for the first time that several taste sensilla on the prothoracic legs detect bitter compounds both through the activation of specific taste neurons but also through inhibition of taste neurons activated by sugars and water....

The extent of diversity among bitter-sensing neurons is a fundamental issue in the field of taste. Data are limited and conflicting as to whether bitter neurons are broadly tuned and uniform, resulting in indiscriminate avoidance of bitter stimuli, or diverse, allowing a more discerning evaluation of food sources. We provide a systematic analysis of how bitter taste is encoded by the major tast...

Many bitter stimuli are believed to bind to specific G-protein-coupled membrane receptors on taste cells. Despite the compelling evidence for its pivotal role in bitter taste sensation, a direct involvement of the G-protein subunit -gustducin in bitter taste transduction in taste cells has not been demonstrated in situ at the cellular level. We recorded activation of taste cells by bitter stimu...

this experiment was conducted to study of using different level and treatments of common vetch (visia sativa) on broiler performance in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments, 4 replications and 10 chicks in each, using 400 cobb500 broiler chicks. treatments were: corn-soybean meal based diet as control , and unprocessed or processed common vetch seed (water or autoclaving) each at 3...