A bottom-up approach to social innovation arises from the issues at root of innovation, which usually originates in lower middle class. An essential design for is manage projects with identifiable organizational stakeholders considering relationships context power holders and empowering socially vulnerable marginalized communities. In local contexts, community participation processes can suppor...

Abstract In far-field light shaping, one of the design methods is based on a one-to-one map between irradiance source and target. However, an integrability issue may occur in this kind algorithms, either ray mapping method for designing freeform surface or those geometric-optics-based achieving required output phase. We introduce another mapping-type algorithm to tackle problem, which instead e...

Constructing a semantic concept hierarchy covers only part of the problem in building any knowledgebased natural language processing (NLP) system: Language understanding requires mapping from syntactic structures into conceptual (i.e. interlingua) representation (henceforth verb-argument mapping), while language generation requires the inverse mapping. Jacobs [13] proposed a solution in which h...

In this paper we present a coarse-tone approach for the transformation of digital anatomical textbooks from the ideal to the individual that uni es the work on landmark deformations and volume based transformation. The Hierarchical approach is linked to the Biological problem itself, coming out of the various kinds of information which is provided by the anatomists. This information is in the f...