Cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 expression and inhibition were investigated in a rabbit ileal loop model of Clostridium difficile colitis and diarrhea. Intestinal tissue stimulated with C. difficile toxin A showed up-regulation of Cox-2 expression in lamina propria macrophages and elevated prostaglandin levels. Toxin A-stimulated loops exhibited severe inflammation and increased secretory volume. Celeco...

Venomics is a modern approach that combines transcriptomics and proteomics to explore the toxin content of venoms. This review will give an overview of computational approaches that have been created to classify and consolidate venomics data, as well as algorithms that have helped discovery and analysis of toxin nucleic acid and protein sequences, toxin three-dimensional structures and toxin fu...

Abstract The nosocomial pathogen Clostridioides difficile colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of patients following microbiome disruption and secretes two major virulence factors toxin A (TcdA) B (TcdB). Approximately 25% infected with C. experience recurrent infection, rate recurrence increases each subsequent infection. quality protective capacity adaptive immune response generated infection...

designing and producing a proper fusion construction is the most important problem of producing large quantities of a properly folded functional protein. this construction should have all necessary components of a real gene. a good designed fusion gene construction could be cloned into a good and suitable host. clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen of humans and livestock and produce...

Some strains of Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium spiroforme and Clostridium difficile produce binary toxins known respectively as iota toxin, S toxin and CDT. Each toxin consists of two unlinked polypeptides (e.g. CDTa and CDTb) that only together have biological activity. Taking an historical perspective, we review the development and early use of assays employing the specific neutralizati...

Susceptibility of sorghum to the fungal pathogen Periconia circinata and sensitivity to its host-specific toxin are determined by the semidominant allele at the pc locus. Pretreatment of susceptible seedlings with cycloheximide or cordycepin for 4 hr before treatment with the toxin protected the seedlings against toxin-induced loss of electrolytes and prevented development of disease symptoms. ...

The measurement of chicken and human antibodies to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E was accomplished by affinity isolation of complexes containing these antibodies. By this approach, a mixture of toxin with the test antibody, fluoresceinated antibody, and enzyme (Russell's viper venom factor X activator)-labeled antibody is allowed to form a complex in solution phase. This complex ...

The review reports on the secretion pathways of main virulence factor Vibrio cholerae , cholera toxin, both through two-stage Sec-dependent type 2 system and with help vesicles outer membrane V. cholerae. ways toxin transfer into host organism, depending its form, are discussed. well-studied free soluble is secreted extracellularly transmitted in a GM1-dependent manner cholesterolrich lipid raf...