This paper deals with some of the issues that arise in connection with the optimal financing of a given program of "exhaustive" public spending on goods and services. The determination of the size and composition of this real spending program is not considered. A more general view would encompass the optimal joint determination of the public sector’s consumption and investment program and its m...

In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the use and financing of health care for the aged. The authors of this article summarize much of the data related to that use, and present original estimates of health spending in 1984 on behalf of the aged. The estimates are designed to indicate trends in health expenditures and are tied to aggregate personal health care expenditures from...

Electronic cash; Payment systems; Untraceable; Date attachable. Abstract Eslami and Talebi (2011) [25] proposed an untraceable electronic cash scheme and claimed that their scheme protects the anonymity of customers, detects the identity of double spenders and provides the date attachability of coins to manage the bank database. In this paper, illustrating Eslami and Talebi’s scheme, as one of ...

For the period 1990-95, we will present data on health care spending by business, households, and government. In addition, we will measure the relative impact of these expenditures on each sector's ability to pay. In 1994 and 1995, health care costs experienced the slowest growth in 3 decades. Combined with healthy revenue growth, slow cost growth helped ease or stabilize the financing burden f...

Background and Objectives: In May 2003, the government of British Columbia adopted an income-based pharmacare program, replacing the previous age-based program. Stated policy goals included improving the distribution of pharmaceutical payments across incomes. This analysis assesses the policy’s effect on the distribution across incomes of both private payments and public subsidy for prescriptio...

India's health financing system is a cause of and an exacerbating factor in the challenges of health inequity, inadequate availability and reach, unequal access, and poor-quality and costly health-care services. Low per person spending on health and insufficient public expenditure result in one of the highest proportions of private out-of-pocket expenses in the world. Citizens receive low value...

While effective marketing spending is known to improve a brand’s financial performance, it can also increase the volatility of performance, which is not a desirable outcome. This paper analyzes how revenue and cash-flow volatility are influenced by own and competitive marketing spending volatility, by the level of marketing spending, by the effectiveness of own and competitive marketing spendin...

This analysis examines the gaps in health care financing in Malawi and how foregone taxes could fill these gaps. It begins with an assessment of the disease burden and government health expenditure. Then it analyses the tax revenues foregone by the government of Malawi by two main routes: Illicit financial flows (IFF) from the country, Tax incentives. We find that there are significant financin...

In this paper we develop a general equilibrium overlapping generations (OLG) model with health shocks to study the life-cycle behaviors of health care spending and financing. We show that a calibrated version of our model is able to match the life-cycle trend of insurance take up ratios and average medical expenditure from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data in 2004/05. We then app...

Aim. Describe the mechanisms currently being used by federal and provincial/territorial governments, medical associations, and private insurers to control the cost of health care in our country. Methods. Descriptive method used. Statistics on percentage GDP spent on health, and health status of the population, were compared with other OECD countries. Questions discussed: importance of cost cont...