The electromagnetic fields scattered when a plane wave is incident on an oblate spheroid in the side-on orientation may be calculated using a generalization of Mie theory, and the results may be decomposed in a Debye series expansion. A number of optical caustics are observed in the computed scattered intensity for the one internal reflection portion of the Debye series for scattering angles in...

Redshift evolution of supermassive black hole mass functions (BHMFs) is investigated up to z ∼ 1. BHMFs at intermediate redshifts are calculated in two ways. One way is from early-type galaxy luminosity functions (LFs); we assume an MBH − Lsph correlation at a redshift by considering a passive evolution of Lsph in the local relationship. The resultant BHMFs (spheroid-BHMFs) from LFs of red sequ...

Using the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) on the Hubble Space Telescope, we have obtained deep optical images reaching stars well below the oldest main sequence turnoff in three fields of the Andromeda Galaxy: the spheroid, tidal stream, and outer disk. These observations allow a complete reconstruction of the star formation history in these fields. We analyze the color-magnitude diagrams of ...

OBJECTIVE Gastric cancer (GC) is widely associated with chronic inflammation. The pro inflammatory microenvironment provides conditions that disrupt stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. The signal transducer and activator of transcrip- tion-3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is involved in inflammation and also contributes to the maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESCs) pluripotenc...

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide as most patients often suffer cancer relapse. The reason is often attributed to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Recent studies revealed that dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) are closely linked to breast cancer recurrence and metastasis. However, no specific study has comprehensively characterised the CSC ...

PURPOSE Disseminated melanoma is highly therapy resistant. The finding that 66% of melanomas harbor the activating BRAF(V600E) mutation has raised expectations for targeting the Ras/RAF/mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK pathway in melanoma. This study addresses the anti-melanoma activity of the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886). EXP...

Chemotherapy treatment of cancer remains a challenge due to the molecular and functional heterogeneity displayed by tumours originating from the same cell type. The pronounced heterogeneity makes it difficult for oncologists to devise an effective therapeutic strategy for the patient. One approach for increasing treatment efficacy is to test the chemosensitivity of cancer cells obtained from th...

The multicellular spheroid model partly mimics tumor microenvironments in vivo and has been reported in plenty of studies regarding radiosensitivity. However, clear isolation of quiescent and proliferating cells in live conditions has been quite difficult owing to technical limitations; therefore, comprehensive characterization could not be done thus far. In this study, we succeeded in separate...

The culture of EMT6/Ro multicellular tumor spheroids in a 20-fold range of glucose concentrations and a 4-fold range of oxygen tensions had profound effects on the cell subpopulations which developed in the spheroids. As the spheroids increased in diameter the rate of accumulation of cells with a G1-phase DNA content was much greater for those spheroids cultured in the lower oxygen and glucose ...

HeLa cells cocultured with human diploid fibroblasts developed a more stable and tightly packed spheroid than did HeLa cells alone. Mature spheroids with central necrosis resembled the cord structure of solid tumors in histological appearance and distribution of cells labeled by [3H]thymidine. Electron micros copy showed that HeLa cells in the spheroid are in close contact with each other and h...