the meaning of an idiomatic expression cannot be transparently worked out from the meanings of its constituent words due to its figurative and unpredictable nature. consequently, the syntactic composition and the structural paradigm of an idiomatic expression are supposed to be the same in every context. however, this is not the case in the institutionalized second language varieties of english...

The article is devoted to the problems of foreign language education in linguistic universities, namely promoting students’ competence, which has been most urgent mastering as a means communication. research prompts standards progress grammatical competence. In current study, we make hypothesis that, contrast traditional teaching approach, communicative approach supposed be more effective gramm...

Over the past ten years, we have been investigating the use of Constraint Dependency Grammar (CDG). This effort began shortly after Maruyama introduced the concept of a CDG (Maruyama, 1990b,c). In Maruyama’s original vision, grammar constraints were used to limit dependencies in the space of potential parses of a sentence to those that are valid. This vision of CDG was adapted by the speech gro...

We address an issue of out-of-grammar (OOG) utterances in spoken dialogue systems by generating help messages for novice users. Help generation for OOG utterances is a challenging problem because language understanding (LU) results based on automatic speech recognition (ASR) results for such utterances are always erroneous as important words are often misrecognized or missed from such utterance...

Performance in speech recognition systems has progressed to the point where it is now realistic to begin integrating speech with natural language systems to produce spoken language systems. Two factors have contributed to the advances in speech: statistical modeling of the input signal and language constraints. To produce spoken language systems, then, the grammar formalisms used in natural lan...

The notion of mental grammar has been at the heart of linguistic theorizing for much of the past century. The arguments for the existence of grammar, a set of mental rules/constraints governing the well-formedness of linguistic structures, are vast and varied, however the central argument that has been made in its favor is that speakers are capable of producing (and understanding) an infinite s...

In the context of spoken dialogue systems, we investigated a bottom-up robust parsing for LTAG (Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars) that interleaves a syntactic and a semantic structure. When the regular syntactic composition rules fail, the syntactic islands and the corresponding partial semantic structures are combined thanks to additional local rules. We supply some descriptive limits of th...