Clostridium sordellii is an often-lethal bacterium causing human and animal disease. Crucial to the infectious cycle of C. sordellii is its ability to produce spores, which can germinate into toxin-producing vegetative bacteria under favorable conditions. However, structural details of the C. sordellii spore are lacking. Here, we used a range of electron microscopy techniques together with supe...

Spores of Clostridium sp. N1 are characterized by numerous broad ribbon-like appendages attached to one end. The appendages are two to three times the length of the spore and, at their maximal dimension, may be two-thirds the width of the spore. They are attached to the spore body by a common trunk which is continuous with the outer spore coat. Each appendage is a multilayered structure and is ...

OBJECTIVES Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbs in the oriental community, with more than 30% of pediatric cancer patients taking GL. The immunomodulating and anticancer effects exerted by GL extracts have been demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. There was, however, no comparison between the immunomodulating effects of GL mycelium extract (GL-M) and sp...

A major structural element of bacterial endospores is a peptidoglycan (PG) wall. This wall is produced between the two opposed membranes surrounding the developing forespore and is composed of two layers. The inner layer is the germ cell wall, which appears to have a structure similar to that of the vegetative cell wall and which serves as the initial cell wall following spore germination. The ...

Effects of the SpoVT regulatory protein on the germination and germination protein levels of 1 spores of Bacillus subtilis 2 3 Arturo Ramirez-Peralta, Kerry-Ann V. Stewart, Stacy K. Thomas, Barbara Setlow, Zhan 4 Chen, Yong-qing Li, and Peter Setlow 5 6 Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology, University of Connecticut Health 7 Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3305 8 and 9 Departm...

Article history: Received on: 09/05/2017 Accepted on: 07/07/2017 Available online: 30/09/2017 A total of 9 actinomycetes (FA1-FA9) isolates were isolated from soil and water samples using starch casein agar and actinomycetes isolation agar. Except FA4, all the isolates showed antimicrobal activity against one or more of the bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebisella pneumonia...

background: metarhizium anisopliae strain iran 437c is one of the most virulent fungal isolates against house fly, musca domestica . the objective of this study was to determine the interaction of this isolate with sublethal doses of spino­sad against housefly. methods: in adult bioassay, conidia of entomopathogenic fungus were applied as inoculated bait at 10 5 and 10 7 spore per gram and spin...

Repeated subculturing caused rapid changes in the spore surface properties and virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae. Of the two strains evaluated, M. anisopliae V245 attenuated more rapidly than V275. Electrophoretic mobility and Radial Flow Chamber assays were used for the first time to generate qualitative and quantitative information on the adhesive forces of M. anisopliae conidia. Independen...

The spores of Bacillus subtilis show remarkable resistance to many environmental stresses, due in part to the presence of an outer proteinaceous structure known as the spore coat. GerQ is a spore coat protein essential for the presence of CwlJ, an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of the cortex during spore germination, in the spore coat. Here we show that GerQ is cross-linked into higher-molec...

The role of DNA repair by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination, spore photoproduct lyase, and DNA polymerase I and genome protection via alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP) in Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to accelerated heavy ions (high-energy charged [HZE] particles) and X rays has been studied. Spores deficient in NHEJ and alpha/beta-type SASP...