Scientists have marveled at the middle ear for centuries. The importance of the middle ear to hearing and the ease which with it may be damaged make an understanding of this system relevant to clinicians. The middle ear functions as a transformer, in which the motion of the stapes is the output and the sound pressure at the tympanic membrane is the input. Though much studied, the relationship b...

Abstract Purpose of Review To summarize and critically review recent literature on the relative cost-effectiveness hearing augmentation versus stapes surgery for treatment otosclerosis. Recent Findings Otosclerosis leads to reduced patient quality life, which can be ameliorated by either surgery, or aid usage. The success is high, risks serious postoperative complications are low. Hearing aids ...

The S parameters, attenuation characteristics and group delay characteristics of the Teflon tube have been analyzed in the paper. Firstly, the S parameters of metal and polymer tube with the same structure are compared. Then the transmission properties of the simple terahertz Teflon tubes and terahertz Teflon tubes which are coated metal film by three different ways are simulated, and the advan...

Energy savings by reducing the thermal and mechanical losses in machines is of major concern due to continuous depletion of energy resources. Frictional losses of engine components cause energy losses leading to high fuel consumption. In piston assembly, piston skirt and liner interaction contribute as much as a frictional loss as the piston rings but more studies have been focused on piston ri...

We used a capacitive technique to determine the radial clearance between the piston and cylinder of a gas piston gauge. This method determines the effective area of a piston gauge pressure standard, independent of calibration against another piston gauge or manometer, as long as the diameter of the piston is dimensionally measured. It also allows an independent determination of piston gauge dis...

A liquid piston concept is proposed to improve the efficiency of gas compression and expansion. Because a liquid can conform to an irregular chamber volume, the surface area to volume ratio in the gas chamber can be maximized using a liquid piston. This creates near-isothermal operation, which minimizes energy lost to heat generation. A liquid piston eliminates gas leakage and replaces sliding ...

We consider a heavy piston in an infinite cylinder surrounded by ideal gases on both sides. The piston moves under elastic collisions with gas atoms. We assume here that the gases always exert equal pressures on the piston, hence the piston remains at the so called mechanical equilibrium. However, the temperatures and densities of the gases may differ across the piston. In that case some earlie...

in this research, anatomical descriptions of the structure of the temporal bone and auditory ossicles have been performed based on dissection of ten guinea pigs. the results showed that, in guinea pig temporal bone was similar to other animals and had three parts; squamous, tympanic and petrous .the tympanic part was much better developed and consisted of oval shaped tympanic bulla with many re...