the word parī (fairy) is the remaining of the avestan word pairīkā that derived from the indo- european root *per- 'to bear, to create', then it can be defined as 'fertile, creative'. pairīkā, in the ancient time were the admirable, beautiful and always young goddesses of birth and fertility that they were denoting to mankind fertility, birth and life with their presence. after zarathuštra made...

One validated methodology is the 'previous birth technique', in which women attending antenatal clinics are asked about their previous birth experience. Those with a previous live birth are asked whether that child is still alive, and the West model life table is used to estimate the IMR from these data (0 Bradshaw unpublished report, Medical Research Council). The same tables provide estimates...

BACKGROUND Smoking in pregnancy is known to be associated with a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet there is a high prevalence of smoking among pregnant women in many countries, and it remains a major public health concern. We have conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide contemporary estimates of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and the risk of stil...

background: metabolic bone diseases (mbd), including rickets and osteopenia, are important neonatal complications among preterm infants. this study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of mbd in neonates with very low birth weight (vlbw). methods: this prospective study was conducted on vlbw infants from january 2012 to july 2013. inclusion criteria were birth weight of ≤1500 g an...

congenital malformation (cm) will begin to emerge as one of the major childhood health problems .treatment and rehabilitation of children with congenital malformations are costly and complete recovery is usually impossible. the aim of this study was to determine frequency of cm in yazd central city of the islamic republic of iran to find out if there has been any difference in the rate and type...

may be related to the selective advantages of maturity at birth, particularly, in man, the development of immunity to infectious disease. Verbal reasoning scores recorded in the 11-plus examination provide no evidence that the retarded prenatal growth associated with prolongation of gestation affects measured intelligence. There are considerable score differences in a general population of birt...

Neonatal mortality declined 17 per cent in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2005 Demographic and Health Survey, infant mortality declined 21 per cent and underfive mortality declined 26 per cent. However, mortality rates are still high but birth interval, breastfeeding and birth order reflect strong neonatal and postneonatal mortality decline in many regions. Birth order, mother’s age at childbirth, l...

The risk of birth defects is generally accredited with genetic factors, environmental causes, but the contribution of environmental factors to birth defects is still inconclusive. With the hypothesis of associations of geochemical features distribution and birth defects risk, we collected birth records and measured the chemical components in soil samples from a high prevalence area of birth def...