" Perception and choice are the products of context dependent and comparative evaluation mechanisms that can be systematic and predictable, but that do not readily lend themselves to analyses that assume consistency, independence and invariance. "-Eldar Shafir Eldar Shafir's paper powerfully reinforces the notion that we are indeed different creatures from what much economics supposed. To cite ...

It has been almost a year since we published our re-launch issue, 24.1–2. Already in pandemic mode when the issue was early May 2020, as City Editors worked hard to make this happen...

In this paper we describe our attempt to create a nature-like simulation model of artificial creatures. The model includes physical simulation of creatures, their interaction with the environment, their neural network control, and both directed and open-ended evolution. We describe a complex, three-dimensional simulation system, where various fitness criteria can be selected for evolving specie...

“In Venice, I am treated as a nobleman.... I really am somebody, whereas at home I am just a hack,” (1) said Albrecht Dürer of his life and studies abroad. During his travels, he came under the influence of Italian Renaissance, which had a transforming effect on the way he viewed art. Challenging his Gothic roots as well as his use of color, travel opened the door to the work of Leonardo da Vin...

Given one feature of a novel animal, humans readily make inferences about other features of the animal. For example, winged creatures often fly, and creatures that eat fish often live in the water. We explore the knowledge that supports these inferences and compare two approaches. The first approach proposes that humans rely on abstract representations of dependency relationships between featur...

A traditional theory of uncertainty says that beliefs come in degrees. Degrees of belief (“credences”) have real number values between  and , where  conventionally represents certain belief,  represents certain disbelief, and values in between represent degrees of uncertainty. We have elegant, well-understood normative theories for credences: norms for how credences should hang together at ...