In this paper, the bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) method is used to find optimal layouts of 3D prestressed concrete beams. Considering the element sensitivity number as the design variable, the mathematical formulation of topology optimization is developed based on the ABAQUS finite element software package. The surface-to-surface contact with a small sliding between...

The strengthening of existing reinforced concrete structures (RC) with carbon (CRC) has a high potential to save resources and increase the lifespan whole strengthened structure immensely. However, when CRC, in some cases, failure due cover separation is detected, leading fact that reinforcement cannot be exploited. prediction prevention this type subject current research. In paper, strut-and-t...

Within the frame of revision Eurocode 2 for concrete structures, section devoted to strut-and-tie design has been updated enhance its applicability, consistency with other sections and ease-of-use. As a result, number changes have introduced. Namely, use stress fields their combination classical models incorporated. The in this can be seen as an effort provide more comprehensive general tool de...