Plasma vitamin C levels were determined for 28 submariners prior to, during, and after a 68-day patrol. A significant reduction occurred in plasma vitamin C levels during the patrol compared to levels obtained before and after the patrol. These reductions were unrelated to health and performance effects as determined by total dispensary visits, frequency of upper respiratory infections, and tra...

Abstract Submarine geomorphology underwent significant development in the second half of twentieth century, largely thanks to advances technology by military, navigation and hydrocarbon industry, which were later transferred academic commercial sectors. In this chapter we summarize key methods used submarine between 1950 2000, include sidescan sonar, multibeam echo sounder, reflection seismolog...