The transport physiology of the urinary bladder of both the freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss) and the marine gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) was characterized with respect to urea, and the suitability of the urinary bladder as a model for renal urea handling was investigated. Through the use of the in vitro urinary bladder sac preparation urea handling was characterized under control c...

Exceptions constitute a widely accepted fault tolerance mechanism, suitable to manage both hardware and software faults. In performability analysis it is a common practice to exploit software tools capable of describing a system using models expressed in various formalisms. Often these tools provide extensibility features that allow augmenting the primitives of a given formalism, but in most ca...

The development of a real-time 5' nuclease RT-PCR assay for the detection of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) from infected plant material is described. A short fluorogenic 3' minor groove binder-DNA hydrolysis probe was used to circumvent genome variability between isolates and target a short conserved sequence. The covalent attachment of the minor groove binder moiety at the 3' end of ...

The problem of minimizing the flow value attained by maximal flows plays an important and interesting role to investigate how inefficiently a network can be utilized. It is a typical multiextremal optimization problem, which can have local optima different from global optima. We formulate this problem as an global optimization problem with a special structure and propose a method to combine dif...