The king of refinements of Nash equilibrium is trembling hand perfection. We show that it is NP-hard and Sqrt-Sum-hard to decide if a given pure strategy Nash equilibrium of a given three-player game in strategic form with integer payoffs is trembling hand perfect. Analogous results are shown for a number of other solution concepts, including proper equilibrium, (the strategy part of) sequentia...

In this invited contribution, we propose a comprehensive introduction to game theory applied in computer aided synthesis. In this context, we give some classical results on two-player zero-sum games and then on multi-player non zero-sum games. The simple case of one-player games is strongly related to automata theory on infinite words. All along the article, we focus on general approaches to so...

Under the notable Issacs’s condition on the Hamiltonian, the existence results of a saddle point are obtained for the stochastic recursive zero-sum differential game and mixed differential game problem, that is, the agents can also decide the optimal stopping time. Themain tools are backward stochastic differential equations BSDEs and double-barrier reflected BSDEs. As the motivation and applic...

In this section we study games with only two players. We also restrict attention to the case where the interests of the players are completely antagonistic: at the end of the game, one player gains some amount, while the other loses the same amount. These games are called “two person zero sum games”. While in most economics situations the interests of the players are neither in strong conflict ...

Kalmar [2, 1928-9] proved that Chess is strictly determined. Von Neumann-Morgenstern [5, 1944] proved the same for any finite two-person zero-sum perfect-information (PI) game. The latter result yields a minimax theorem for (finite) non-zero-sum PI games. Fix a PI, and a player, Ann. Convert this game to a two-person zero-sum game between Ann and the other players (considered as one player), in...

We consider two classes of constrained finite state-action stochastic games. First, we consider a two player nonzero sum single controller constrained stochastic game with both average and discounted cost criterion. We consider the same type of constraints as in [1], i.e., player 1 has subscription based constraints and player 2, who controls the transition probabilities, has realization based ...

Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD) is a typical type of non-zero-sum game in game theory. Since first raised by Merrill Flood and Melvin Dresher in 1950’s, a lot of research has been done in this area, especially after Robert Axelrod introduced the concept of the iterated prisoner’s dilemma in his book “The Evolution of Cooperation” in 1984. In this project, we have explored a complex adaptive system (CAS...