Robert R. Holt has suggested that there are three principal types of nonconformity: criminal, psychotic, and creative (Janis et al. 1969). Each type of nonconformity can be distinguished by its social consequences; yet in some cases the three types of nonconformity can be interrelated. Holt cites, for example, Raskolnikov, the protagonist of Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment-a psychotic who com...

BACKGROUND The field has seen a renewed interest in exploring the theory of 'counterfeit deviance' for persons with intellectual disability who sexually offend. The term was first presented in 1991 by Hingsburger, Griffiths and Quinsey as a means to differentiate in clinical assessment a subgroup of persons with intellectual disability whose behaviours appeared like paraphilia but served a func...

The infrequent occurrence of a transient feature (deviance; e.g., frequency modulation, FM) in one of the regular occurring sinusoidal tones (standards) elicits the deviance related mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the event-related brain potential. Based on a memory-based comparison, MMN reflects the mismatch between the representations of incoming and standard sounds. The present study ...

One of the key challenges for multi-agent learning is scalability. We introduce a technique for speeding up multi-agent learning by exploiting concurrent and incremental experience sharing. This solution adaptively identifies opportunities to transfer experiences between agents and allows for the rapid acquisition of appropriate policies in large-scale, stochastic, multi-agent systems. We intro...