The aim of this article is to increase your understanding of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, and provide the rationale for the care and management of patients undergoing intravenous fluid therapy. After reading this article, you should be able to: Describe different body fluid compartments. Define the principles of osmosis, diffusion and filtration in relation to the movement of water and so...

An amperometric method was developed by using a lead working electrode in acetonitrile organic solution for detecting acetic acid. The mechanisms of electrochemical reaction were corresponding to the reduction of acetic ions in acetonitrile organic solution. The steady state amperometric current resulted from the reduction of acetic ions to produce the aldehyde in a two-electron process. In the...

Three different analytical methods for the quality control of clozapine in commercial formulations were developed and compared: a liquid chromatographic (LC) method with UV detection, a capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) method, and a linear scan voltammetric (LSV) method. The isocratic LC procedure used a C18 reversed-phase column; the CZE method used an uncoated fused-silica capillary and p...

In this paper in situ visible electroreflectance measurements have been carried out in order to extract new electrochemical information from the dependence of R/R on the frequency of potential modulation. The behaviour of some typical components of a Au electrodeposition bath has been investigated: a metal salt (KAu(CN)2), a supporting electrolyte (NaClO4), a metal cation complexing agent (KCN)...

The electrochemical behavior of nifedipine (I), nitrendipine(II) and their photodegradation products has been studied by employing electrochemical techniques in chloroform and in 1:4 mixture of chloroform-isopropanol using piperidinium perchlorate (PPC) as supporting electrolyte. It has been shown that I and II undergo in a 4e, 4H+ irreversible reduction reaction, while the reduc...

Nile blue-Chitosan NB-CH as a new type of organic days-organic composite was made using Nile blue and chitosan. The NB-CH composite was made using a 0.005 M solution of Nile blue NB and a 7 solution of chitosan. To do this, a mixture of Nile blue and Chitosan with the ratio of 2:1 was prepared. The electrocatalytic oxidation of uric acid UA has been studied on glassy carbon electrode by NB-CH u...

Recently mesoporous materials have drawn great attention in fuel cell related applications, such as preparation of polymer electrolyte membranes and catalysts, hydrogen storage and purification. In this mini-review, we focus on recent developments in mesoporous electrocatalysts for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, including metallic and metal-free catalysts for use as either anode or ca...

This paper describes a simple and convenient strategy for reducing the dimensions of organic micro-and nanostructures on metal surfaces. By varying electrochemical desorption conditions, features patterned by dip-pen nanolithography or micro contact printing and made of linear alkanethiols or selenols can be gradually desorbed in a controlled fashion. The process is referred to as electrochemic...

Electrochemical dissolution of metallic copper into slightly acidic aqueous solutions of chitosan yields a clear and stable dispersion of Copper Oxide nanoparticles into the organic polymer host. The electrochemically synthesized chitosan:CuOx nanocomposite is characterized by means of spectrophotometry, frequency domain electrical measurements and morphological analysis. Solid state electroche...

An amperometric sensor was constructed, by using humic acids to immobilize Fe3+ ions on a carbon paste electrode (CPE-HA-Fe), and used for ascorbic acid (H2A) determination. The cyclic voltammogram of the electrode showed electrochemical response due to the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple at E1/2=+0.78 V vs SCE, using 0.5 mol L-1 KCl and 0.2 mol L-1 acetate/0.020 mol L-1 phosphate buffer, at pH = 5.4, as supp...